Notes-Class 10-History-Chapter-9-Heritage Management-Maharashtra Board -

Topics to be Learn :

Sources of History, their Conservation and Preservation
Some Famous Museums
Libraries and Archives
Encyclopaedias

Introduction : The sources of history and all the history books that are available today are the results of the diligent work of several historians.

Institutions like libraries, museums and archives conserve and preserve heritage.
The museums and archives store documents and artefacts which are not exhibited but are historically important. They are kept in an archive.
Documents are used by researchers from time to time.

Sources of History, their Conservation and Preservation

Each step like collecting the sources of history, creating their records and indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books and artefacts after completing necessary treatments requires very careful handling and management.

Procedure followed for conservation and preservation of sources of History :

Collection of sources of history.
Creation of their records and Indexes.
Preservation of old texts and manuscripts.
Exhibition of artefacts, manuscripts and books after completing necessary treatment.
Taking required training for completion of all the above.

Tasks/steps taken and necessary training for preservation of sources of History :

Tasks/steps taken and necessary training for preservation of sources of History :

(i) Oral sources of history :

Steps/Procedure

To collect and compile folk tales and folk songs

Classification and analysis of compiled sources

Interpretation of these compiled sources

Publishing the results of related research.

Necessary training

Sociology and Anthropology

Social Psychology

Mythology and Linguistics

Library Science and Information Technology

History and Historical Research Method

Research, reports and articles

(ii) Written sources of history :

Steps/Procedure

To collect coins, copper plates with inscriptions on them, official records, personal correspondence, diaries, old books, pictures, manuscripts and compile them.

For the purpose of preservation and conservation, necessary chemical processes and cleaning of the sources to be done.

Historical value of the collected documents to be ascertained.

Publish results of research reports and edited documents.

Necessary training

Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, Modi, Persian.

Knowledge of various styles of painting and sculpture, properties of stones, metals, etc.

Information on types of paper, ink and colours.

Information on properties of stones and metals used for inscriptions.

Knowledge of equipment and chemicals used in various processes of cleaning, conservation and preservation.

Knowledge about approaches of managing exhibitions in museums, galleries and information technology.

Basic knowledge of social organization, traditions, literature and cultural dynasties, administrative systems, etc. of past societies.

Writing research reports and articles.

(iii) Material sources of history :

Steps/Procedure

To classify collected artefacts according to their historical date and type and prepare indexes.

To complete necessary mechanical and chemical processes of cleaning for conservation and preservation of documents.

To arrange exhibitions of selected artefacts or their replicas.

To publish research articles about collected artefacts.

To classify fossils of plants and animals to be classiﬁed and to prepare indexes.

To exhibit selected fossils and replicas.

Necessary training

Basic knowledge of archaeological methods and theories, and to be acquainted with the history of ancient civilisation.

Ability to identity regional material sources like stones, minerals, metals and clay used to make artefacts and their chemical properties.

Knowledge about the equipment, and chemicals required to clean artefacts.

Knowledge and skills of making replicas of artefacts and fossils.

Information about the approaches of arranging exhibitions and administration.

Writing of research reports.

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Some Famous Museums :

Louvre Museum, France : The Louvre Museum in Paris was established in the 18th century C.E.

First it only had antiquities collected by the royal family of France.
Antiquities brought by Napoleon from his conquests increased its collection.
The famous painting of Mona Lisa by Leonardo-Da-Vinci is kept in this museum.
Presently, it houses more than 3 lakh and 80 thousand artefacts.

British Museum, England : The British Museum in London was established in the 18th century C.E.

Sir Hans Sloan, a natural scientist, handed over 71 thousand objects in his collection to the King of England, George II.
It included many books, pictures, specimens of preserved plants (herbarium), etc.
Collection of the museum increased with additions of art objects and ancient artefacts from British colonies were added.
It has about 80 lakh objects at present.

National Museum of natural History, United States of America : This museum of natural history managed by the Smithsonian Institution was established in 1846 C.E.

If stores specimens of fossils and remains of plants, animals, minerals, rocks, human fossils and artefacts.
It stores more than 12 crore specimens.

Museums in India :

Museums in India :

The first museum in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, in 1814 C.E.
The second museum in India, ‘Government Museum’ was established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E.
The ‘National Museum’ was established in Delhi, in 1949
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai;
Salarjang Museum, Hyderabad;
The Calico Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.

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Some museums are affiliated to universities. Such museums also offer courses in Museology.

Institutes and universities, which offer degree and diploma courses in museology :

National Museum- Delhi
Maharaj Sayajirao University- Vadodara
Kolkata University- Kolkata
Banaras Hindu University- Varanasi
Aligarh Muslim University- Aligarh
Jivaji University- Gwalior

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay :

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay :

To commemorate the visit of the Prince of Wales to India some inﬂuential residents decided to establish a museum in Mumbai.
The foundation of the building was laid on 2nd November 1905 and the construction of the building was completed in 1922.
The museum was named as ‘Prince of Wales of Western India‘. In 1998 C.E. it was renamed 'Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay'.
The museum building is constructed in Indo-Gothic style and has been awarded the status of Grade I Heritage Building.
The collection of 50 thousand antiquities of this museum has been classiﬁed into three categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural History.

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Libraries and Archives :

Functions of Libraries :

Libraries are storehouses of knowledge and information.
Library Science is closely related to Management Science, Information
Technology and the education field.
Artefacts are kept in museums, books in libraries and manuscripts which are not exhibited are preserved in Archives.
Books are collected, compiled, classified, systematically preserved and conserved.
Dissemination of information sources are done with the help of computers.
Making books available to the readers whenever they require is the most important aspect of library.

Earliest Library :

The library at Takshashila (5th century B.C.E. — 5th century C.E.) is the earliest known library.
The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian Emperor in Mesopotamia. (7th century B.C.E.)
Library in Alexandria, Egypt. (4th century B.C.E.)

Saraswati Mahal Granthalay :

Saraswati Mahal Granthalay :

The Saraswati Mahal Granthalay was built in between 16-17th century at
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu during the times of Nayak dynasty.
Vyankojiraje Bhosale and his successors expanded and enriched it adding to its collection.
Sarfojiraje Bhosale had a major share in the expansion of this library. The library was renamed as the Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji Saraswati Mandal Library in 1918.

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Famous libraries in India : There are several noteworthy libraries in India.

National Library-Kolkata;
Nehru Memorial Museum and Library- Delhi;
State Central Library-Hyderabad;
Library of Asiatic Society and David Sassoon Library- Mumbai.

Archives :

An archive is a place where documents with important content in their original conditions are preserved in a scientific manner.
Artefacts and documents which are not exhibited in museums or libraries but have historical importance are kept in archives.
Management of archives is akin to library management. Dependency on computerized systems information technology has become an inevitable part of the management of libraries and archives.
Archives provide documents to the government, research students and local public when required. Technically, the management of archives is akin to library management.
The documents in the archives are preserved in their original condition and hence no changes can be made to it. Documents from archives are very reliable.

Important tasks in the management of archives :

Important tasks in the management of archives :

Preserve documents with important contents in their original condition.
Make indexes of the documents.
Make an accurate system of retrieval.
All the information and operations are computerised.
No changes are made in the documents kept in archives and hence they are reliable.

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First Archive in India :

First Archive in India :

The first official archive of India was established in Kolkata in 1891 C.E. as the
Imperial Record Department.
Shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
In 1998 C.E., it was made accessible for public by the then President of India,
K. R. Narayanan.
Archives come under the Cultural Ministry of India.
These archives have papers in all the languages from 1748.
Papers kept in archives are classiﬁed as Public Records, Oriental Studies,
Manuscripts and Private Records.

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Archives in Maharashtra :

Governments of every State in India maintain independent archives.

The Archives of Maharashtra State Government has branches in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, Aurangabad and Nagpur.
There are about 5 crore modi documents related to Maratha history in the Pune branch. These documents are referred to as ‘Peshwa Daftar’.

Encyclopaedia :

Encyclopaedia means compilation of information or knowledge of various topics.
Information in encyclopaedia is organized and systematically compiled.
The main objective of encyclopaedia is to manage and disseminate information.

Benefit of Encyclopaedia :

Benefit of Enyclopaedia :

Knowledge should be accessible to readers.
It fulfils and satisfies the curiosity of the readers.
It solves the confusion of readers.
Encyclopaedias inspire to carry out more research. They enrich the existing knowledge.
Encyclopaedias are indicators of state and cultural maturity of the society.
Encyclopaedias are created as per the intellectual and cultural needs of society.

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Criteria for designing a structure of an encyclopaedia :

Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity, standardised format of presentation and updated information are the features/criteria of Encyclopaedia.

Format of Encyclopaedia :

Encyclopaedias are arranged according to alphabetical order or as per the order of topics.
Encyclopaedias are made according to selected subjects.
Encyclopaedia provides information on important events, concepts and personalities.
For the convenience of the readers an index is provided at the end of the encyclopaedia.
Encyclopaedias can be created and written by a single editor or a committee of editors and experts in each subject.

Types of Encyclopaedia :

Types of Encyclopaedia : Encyclopaedias can be approximately divided into four types.

Dictionaries
Comprehensive Encyclopaedia (Vishwakosh)
Encyclopaedic (Koshsadrush) literature
Indexes

(i) Dictionaries :

A type of encyclopaedia giving word meaning arranged in alphabetical order is a
Dictionary.
Dictionaries help the readers to know meaning of the words and enrich their vocabulary.
Dictionaries have word meanings, synonyms and etymology.
Dictionaries are of various type like comprehensive dictionaries, dictionaries of terminology, etymology, thesaurus and dictionaries of idioms and proverbs.

(ii) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia (Vishwakosh) :

Comprehensive Encyclopaedia are of two types like one encompassing information on all subjects. It gives essence of the subjects. e.g. Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.
Another type of comprehensive encyclopaedia gives information on any one chosen subject. e.g. Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh, etc.

(iii) Encyclopaedic (Koshsadrush) literature :

Information on all possible aspects of the subject.
Experts are called to write on different topics. e.g. Maharashtra Jeevan, Year book, Manorama, etc.

(iv) Indexes :

Indexes means list. It is mostly given at the end of the book.
List of names, personalities mentioned in the book, subjects, places, reference books, key words are given in alphabetical order.
Indexes are useful and helpful in finding the required information.
An index of Marathi periodicals was prepared by S.G. Date.

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Encyclopaedia and History :

Encyclopaedia and history adhere to objectivity, authenticity and updated information.
Encyclopaedia is helpful in history; and knowledge of history is useful to make encyclopaedia.

Encyclopaedia : Achievement of Society

National policies, ethical values and ideals influence the structure of an encyclopaedia.
The nation's philosophy and traditions too inﬂuence encyclopaedia.
Encyclopaedias can strengthen our national identity and make us feel proud.
Individuals or groups create encyclopaedias to gain and spread knowledge.
The collective intellect and creativity of a society manifests itself into an encyclopaedia.

Types of Encyclopaedia related to subject :

Types of Encyclopaedia related to subject :

(i) Encyclopaedia on History- relcrted Subjects

Students of history and research scholars’ ﬁnd the meanings of words which were used in the past but have disappeared from the present language.
In such enclycopaedias, events and names of people, who made a good name for themselves are given along with names of their women, sons, land, capital, etc.
It also provides index on manuscripts, documents in alphabetical manner.
Y.N. Kelkar's historic encyclopaedia is important.

(ii) Charitrakosh :

There are a number of great people who have contributed to our society. The dictionaries which contain information on such people and their work is known as Charitrakosh.
India has legacy of great people who lived in the past and in the present. Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole wrote Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Kosh, Siddeshwar Shastri Chitrav wrote Bharatvarshiya Prachin Charitrakosh (1932), Bharatvarshiya Madhyayugin Charitrakosh (1937) and Bharatvarshiya Arvachin Charitrakosh (1946) in three volumes.

(iii) Dnyankosh :

Shreedhar Vyankatesh Ketkar edited 23 volumes of Maharashtriya Dnyankosh.

His role behind the creation of this kosh is

To expand the intellectual sphere of Marathi speaking people.
To facilitate wider access to knowledge.
To widen scope of their ideas.
To help them attain maturity like people of developed countries.

(iv) Sthalakosh :

History shapes itself within geographical limit. In this context, sthalakosh are very important as they provide information on the place with details and background of the events.
Sthanapothi composed by Muni Vyas of Mahanubhav sect describes all the places visited by Chakradhar Swami.
Prachin Bharatiya Sthalakosh by Siddehwarshastri Chitrav is an important Sthalakosh.
Sthalakosh are helpful while writing history.

(v) Vishwakosh :

The first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Yashwantrao Chavan, initiated the work of Marathi Vishwakosh.
The work of making this Vishwakosh started under the guidance of Tarkteerth
Lakshmanshastri Joshi.
This work was initiated by Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Samskruti Mandal.
Till date, 20 volumes are published of this Vishwakosh. The essence of universal knowledge gets united in Vishwakosh.

(vi) Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh :

Information on cultural concepts, practices, institutions, religions, rituals, is given in Samskruti Kosh.
Mahadevshastri Joshi edited and published 10 volumes.
It gives information on religion, sects, religious centres, festivities, rituals, methods of worship in ancient India.

(vii) Samdnya Kosh : It explains various concepts in history like Globalisation, Liberalisation, Imperialism, Colonialism, Communism, which is useful to history teachers.

(viii) Some Special Encyclopaedias :

Sangeetshastrakar va Kalavant Yancha Itihas by Lakshman Dattatray Joshi.
Krantikarakancha Charitrakosh by 8.R. Date.
Svatantryasainik Charitrakosh by N-R. Phatak.

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Early encyclopaeclias made in the west & Ancient Indian encyclopaedias :

Early encyclopaeclias made in the west & Ancient Indian encyclopaedias :

Early encyclopaeclias made in the west.

Ancient Indian encyclopaedias.

1-The process of making encyclopaedias started in before 1st century C.E. in the west. Pliny wrote the ﬁrst encyclopaedia on natural history between 23 C.E.-79 C.E.

2-In the 8th and 9th century, encyclopaedias were written in England, France and in Arab countries.

3- French Philosopher Denis Diderot wrote Encyclopaedia in the 18th century C.E.

4-The important milestone in this process was 'Encyclopaedia Britannica’ published in 1767 C.E.

5-Wikipedia is considered equivalent to encyclopaedia. The information given in this encyclopaedia is highly reliable and updated.

1-In the 7th century C.E., Nighantu, a dictionary (information on ancient medicine) in Sanskrit language was written. Dictionaries like Dhatupath were written.

2-In the medieval times, encyclopaedic text was composed by Mahanubhav sect.

3-Amarsimha Wrote a thesaurus in Sanskrit 'Amarkosha'.

4- Raghunath Pandit prepared Rajavyavaharkosh as directed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

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Maharashtra Board- Class 10-History-Chapter-9

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Heritage Management

Maharashtra Board- Class 10-History-Chapter-9

Notes

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