Solution-Class 10-History-Chapter-4-History of Indian Arts-Maharashtra Board

The arts of painting and sculpting are visual arts

The Kushana period saw the rise of Mathura school.

Wrong Pair -Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Railway Terminus – Delhi

(Right is -Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Railway Terminus – Mumbai)

• It is a natural human instinct to want to share his experience, wisdom, and also emotions. with others.
• This act of sharing, results in beautiful creation, called an ‘Art’
• Art gives us an experience of different elements. These elements are expressed through sculpture, singing, painting and dance.
• The crucial factors which are at the root of artistic creation are the imagination power of the artist, his sensibility, state of his emotions and skills.

• Hemadpanti temples were primarily built in 12th-13th century.
• The main feature of this style is its masonry. The walls are built without mortar, by locking stones, using the tenon and mortise joints technique.
• Hemadpanti temples are built in square-shaped and star-shaped designs. In the star-shaped plan, the outer walls of a temple has a zigzag design which gives interesting effect of alternating light and shadow.
• Tourists are attracted to see these beautiful designs. Hemadpanti temples are found at several places in Maharashtra.

• The Maratha style of paintings began to develop in the later half of the 17th century.
• This style consists of coloured paintings which are in form of murals and miniatures used in manuscripts.
• Murals of Maratha style can be seen at the entrance of old wadas, in drawing rooms and on the ceilings of the temples.
• The Maratha style was influenced by the Rajput and European style of paintings. The Maratha style of paintings helps us to understand various things about the times in which it was developed such as lifestyle, attires, customs, etc.

• There is an independent market for purchase and sale of art objects.
• The authenticity of the object, its standards can only be assessed by an expert.
• Only an artist can know the exact value of an art object or ensure if it is genuine or not.
• So, when art objects are assessed all the above points are considered. This requires special expertise.
• Hence an expert with deep understanding of art history is required for this task.

• The stories from Ramayana or Mahabharata narrated with the help of wooden puppets and paintings is known as Chitrakathi or Pinguli tradition.
• It is preserved by the Thakur community.
• As the Chitrakathi pictures are drawn on papers and painted using colours made from natural substances, they deteriorate rapidly if not maintained.
• Therefore it is necessary to preserve the tradition like Chitrakathi as it is part of our glorious cultural heritage and is on the verge of extinction.

• The art of rock painting dates back to Stone Age. These rock paintings have preserved the style of folk painting.
• Rock Paintings usually depict humans, animals and geometric figures.
• The style of rock paintings seems to be changing according to the cultural changes from Stone Age to the beginning of agriculture.
• Man started depicting flora and fauna in a different style and also figures.
• There was difference in colours too. Black and Red were used in rock paintings. Colours extracted from natural substances were used.
• The man started using the knowledge he got from the surroundings and nature and depicted it in the pictures.
• In the later stage of development, man started customs such as decorating the walls and courtyards (Rangawali) by drawing various figures and symbols or using panels of painting to narrate stories. It helped in the development of folk paintings.

A blend of Persian, Central Asian, Arabic and pre Islamic native Indian styles created the Islamic architecture of India.

Following are the characteristics of Islamic architecture developed in the medieval period under the patronage of Muslim sultanates :

• Built in Islamic style, the Kutub Minar is the highest minaret in the world. It is 240 ft (73 metres) in height.
• The Taj Mahal built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan is looked upon as the paramount example of Islamic architecture.
• The Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur in Karnataka built in 17^th century is known for its echo which can be heard many times.
• The forts at Agra and Delhi are known tor their massive walls of redstone. The walls are interrupted by graceful curves and lofty bastions.
• Red sandstone, domes, arches, minarets, magnificence all combined form characteristics of Islamic architecture.

Various opportunities are available in different fields of art :

• Art historian can work in field of journalism.
• Art students can work in museums, archives, libraries. Information Technology, archaeological research and Indology contribute to recently developed fields like Heritage Management and Cultural Tourism.
• An expert in art is required to assess the exact value of an art object and also in its sale and purchase. Experts are required in the field of manufacturing of objects for home decoration.
• Ornaments, artistic creations of metals, earthen pots with colourful designs, objects made from cane and bamboo, beautiful glass objects, attractive textiles and clothing all come are under applied arts.
• These fields require experts in manufacturing and sales. Hence many opportunities of employment are available in the field of arts.

This picture is from Warli tradition.

(a) Depiction of nature : Artist has sketched trees, leaves and shrubs in the picture. A fish is also drawn.

(b) Drawings of human figures : Pictures of men, women and children are sketched. Women dancing in a circular pattern is sketched in the picture. Human figures are drawn with the help of a triangle, circle and square which are placed at the tip.

(c) Depiction of occupations. It depict scenes of human figures engaged in activities like hunting, dancing, sowing and harvesting.

(d) Houses : Warli paintings do not portray the exact objects but only a sketch. Tribal people express themselves in vivid styles through paintings which they execute on the walls of their house.