Solution-Class 10-History-Chapter-7-Sports and History-Maharashtra Board

The ancient event of Olympic competitions used to be held at Olympia, Greece

The wooden dolls made in Maharashtra are known as Thaki

Wrong Pair : (4) Chess – Outdoor game (..Chess is a indoor game)

Festivals are the occasions that commemorate history, and we get a glimpse of history and culture through them.

• Toys and festivals are inter-related since ancient times.
• Toys are used as symbols and models to keep the history of each festival alive in the minds of the people as well as children.
• Toys are used for decoration in different cultures and religions during festivals. In some cultures toys are distributed as gifts. Santa Claus gifts children toys during Christmas.
• As part of Diwali celebration in Maharashtra, model forts are made displaying images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, his soldiers and animals which are toys.
• Clay images of snakes and bullocks are sold during festivals like Bail pola and Nagpanchami.

• The presence of sports was limited to a scene in the movies made earlier.
• In recent times, biographical movies are made on sportspersons and on sports. Movies like Sachin a billions of dream, Lagaan and Dangal are made related to Biography of player, cricket and wrestling respectively.
• Biographical movies are made on Mary Kom, and the Phogat sisters.
• Movies are made on careers of famous sprinter Milkha Singh, Bharat Ratna Sachin Tendulkar and Cricketer M. S. Dhoni.
• Overall, movies and sports are related from the silent era till date.

• People draw inspiration by watching movies depicting the struggle and hardships of those sportsmen.
• Such movie earns a huge profit as people can relate to real life examples and love to watch such films

The field of sports in the 20th-21^st century was naturally influenced by the process of globalisation.

• International matches of various sports like Cricket, Football, etc. are telecast in every corner of the world.

• Fans watch these matches for entertainment, and aspiring players to learn more. The citizens of the non-participating countries also watch these matches.
• Sports fans scattered all over the world have significantly affected the entire structure of sports economy.
• Retired players get a chance on television channels as commentators. Matches garner a large audience, hence the commercial companies look at it as an opportunity to advertise and melt their products.
• All these factors have led to change in the structure of sports economy.

A tradition of making different type of toys for entertainment is going on since ancient time.

• Toys can throw light on history and technological development.

• Toys give us an idea about the cultural and religious development of that period.
• Clay models of forts and the images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj placed on fort gives us an idea about the structures of forts during that period.
• An ivory doll found at Pompeii, an ancient city in Italy, sheds light on Indo-Roman trade and cultural relations.
• The mention of games, toys and flying and dancing dolls in Kathasaritsagara give us an idea about cultural history of toys.

In this way, we come to know about cultural history from toys.

• The history of sports equipment and toys dates back to epic age.
• Clay toys made from clay have been found in the archaeological excavations of ancient places.
• The ancient Indian literature and epics mention various games such as games of dice, wrestling, horse and chariot race.
• Sports are of two types ‘Indoor Games’ and 'Outdoor Games’. Indoor games such as chess, card games, dice, carrom, kachkavadya or Indian ludo, Bhatukli were very popular. It can be noted that all of them required equipment to play.
• Cards to play card games, dice to play game of dice, a board and pieces to play chess, bunch of seeds or stones to play sagargote; (playing house) to play Bhatukli.
• Likewise, Outdoor games like marbles, lagori (seven stones), vitti-dandu, bhavare (tops) all require material like marbles, stones, tops, a small and large stick to play.
• A Sanskrit play by Shudraka is named as Mrichchhakatika. It means a clay cart. A clay cart was a toy used to play during Harappan period.
• Kathasaritsagara has very interesting descriptions of games and toys. There are descriptions of flying dolls. There is a mentionthat on pressing a key some dolls used to fly, some used to dance and some used to make sounds.

From the ancient literature and the archaeological excavations, one can understand the history of the game materials (sports equipment) and toys in India.

Although sports and history appears to be distant as subjects, there is a close tie between them. Students of history can find many opportunities in the field of sports journalism.

Sports writers needs to resort to history in order to write articles, reviews about sports events like Olympics or Asiad or national and international matches.

• It is a must for a sports writer to know the history of the game he chooses to write on.
• In order to write a review on any sport competition, the critic should have knowledge of competitions held in the past.
• A comparative study of the skills, techniques and strategies used in the past and developments or improvements in the present makes the review comprehensive.
• The writer has to resort to history while writing columns or articles on sports events like Olympics or Asiad or any national or international matches.
• While commentating on Akashvani and Doordarshan, an expert commentator needs to have good knowledge of the history of the game, previous records of illustrious and eminent players, statistical analysis and historical anecdotes related to the game and players.
• Coaches, special experts, selection committee should have information of the players, their strength and weakness and also history of the players in the opposing team. Even players should know history of their competitors.

In short, it is essential to know the history of all the aspects related to sports.