Solution-Class 7-History-Chapter 1-Sources of History-Maharashtra Board

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Monuments include statues, (war) memorials, archaeological sites, cultural assets, samadhis, graves, veergala and historical buildings,  include palaces, ministerial mansions, Queen's quarters (raniwasa) and also houses of common people.

Tarikh is an Arabic word, Tavarikh or Tarikh means the sequence of events.

Tarikh are valuable written sources of history. These were written in Persian language, 

The author’s impartiality and neutrality are very important in writing history,

Historians must be able to examine the information and data in historical sources and draw logical conclusions from them, whether the sources are written documents, visual images, or material artifacts.

Unwritten sources

Reason: ‘Unwritten source’ is not a source of history, while the remaining are sources of history

Stories

Reason: ‘Stories’ are not a source of history, while the remaining are sources of history.

Temples

Reason: ‘Temples’ are a material source of history while the remaining are written sources of history

Tarikhs

Reason: ‘Tarikhs’ are written source of history While the remaining are an oral sources of history.

Material sources comprise of different objects, different places and their ruins.

These sources provide insights about that period to which they belonged.

They tell us a lot about the following social aspects of the past:

1. The development of architecture during that period.
2. The economic conditions of that time.
3. The quality of art during that time.
4. Style of the building construction and people's standard of living in that particular period

Following are a few examples of material sources:

• Forts- hill forts, forest forts, sea forts, and forts on the plains
• Monuments -samadhis, graves, veergala , buildings include palaces, ministerial mansions, Queen's quarters, (raniwasa), and also houses of common people.
• Coins : From these coins we learn about the rulers, their period, governance, religious ideas, personal details, etc
• Inscriptions : An inscription is a carving on a stone, or a wall etc.It helps us to understand features like the language, script, social life of a period. Inscriptions carved on sheets of copper are known as ‘copper plates’.

• Written sources of literature which helps us to understand the history of different periods are called as ‘written sources of History
• After man learnt the ‘of writing, he started documenting different aspects of his life by maintaining written records using the art of writing.
• Today, they narrate the history of their respective periods.
• Written sources help us learn about significant historical events during the medieval period.
• These documentations were done using scripts like Devanagri, Arabic, Persian, Modi, etc.
• Through these documents we can gather information about the following aspects of the past viz. the people’s lives, food items, attire, festivals, cultural & social conditions, linguistic transactions, conventions and rules of conduct of the people, policies & administrative system of the rulers, the diplomatic relations between different rulers, contemporary political happenings, etc.

Examples of written sources are treatise & biographies; travelogues; chronicles like Bakhar & Tarikhs or Taverikhs; documents of proceedings in the kings courts, Bhurjapatras; geneologies & shakavali, correspondence and dispatch documents, judicial verdicts,orders, edicts, decrees and religious manuscripts.

The various forms of literature like owis, folk songs, folk tales, legends etc Which are traditionally passed on from one generation to the other by the word of mouth are called as oral sources of history. Such folk literature narrates about various aspects of the folk life of the people.

Other Example of oral sources :  powadas,  myths, Gatha, Shlokas, Abhangas, Proverbs etc.

Yes it is very important to evaluate the sources of history.

• Any source of information cannot be termed authentic just because it is old.
• Sources of history have to be genuine and their quality & authenticity have to be determined as per the internal standards.
• The sources have to be subjected to critical analysis.
• Writers also play a major role in evaluating the sources of history. The reliability of their accounts has to be evaluated based on multiple parameters viz. their integrity; their personal interests; the period in which they lived; the political pressures on them; the nature of their account i.e.whether their accounts are based on hearsay or provide any eyewitness account and the use of exaggerations, metaphors and other literary devices. It has to be proper analyzed as their account may be one sided, contradictory or exaggerated.
• The information should also be verified with other contemporary sources

Hence we can say that it is necessary to evaluate the source of history

A stone inscription is considered to be an authentic source of history.

1. An inscription refers to the carving on a stone, a wall, etc. Few examples of such are – inscriptions found in the Brihadishwara temple in Tanjavur; inscriptions from the period of Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, Chola and Yadav kings.
2. Inscriptions are a type of material source.
3. Inscriptions provide authentic information about individuals, society, place and time which are considered as vital factors from the point of view of history.
4. Through inscriptions, we also get information about the various features like language, script and the social life of the past period. Such data can be considered to be an authentic

Hence, a stone inscription is considered to be an authentic source of history

1. The various forms of literature like owis, folk songs, folk tales, legends etc Which are traditionally passed on from one generation to the other by the word of mouth are called as oral sources of history. Such folk literature narrates about various aspects of the folk life of the people.
2. They also help us understand various historical events, the political and administrations of various rulers and the diplomatic relations between them.
3. They throw fight on the religious co-ordination financial instructions, economic conditions and technological advancements of period.

Thus we can say that oral sources reveal various aspects of people's lives.