Solutions-Class 8-History-Chapter-7-Non Co-operation Movement-Maharashtra Board

(c) South Africa

(b) Kheda

(b) Sir

In 1906, the South African government declared that the Blacks in South Africa should compulsorily carry an identity cord. This was the restriction imposed on their freedom.

Gandhiji launched the first Satyagraha in India at Champaran, Bihar, in 1917.

General Dyer gave orders of firing in the Jallianwala Baug.

• Satyagraha is a term coined by Mahatma Gandhi to express his philosophy of non-violence and truth. 
• It is a way of resisting injustice and oppression by seeking truth in a spirit of peace.
• The aim of Satyagraha was to make the unjust person aware of truth and justice and also to transform his views.
• A Satyagrahi should never use violence and untruth means.

• The members of the Indian National Congress like Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das put an idea to contest elections and enter the Legislative Assembly and Provincial Legislative Council to obstruct the working of the government and oppose the unjust policies.
• Therefore, they formed the Swaraj Party in 1922.

• The Rowlatt Act was established to put down the rising dissatisfaction among Indians and to suggest solutions.
• This Act gave the right to the government to arrest anybody without any warrant or imprison without any trial.
• There was no provision for appealing the sentence imposed by the Act.
• The Indians called this act as ‘Black Act’ and a tide of anger arouse all over India against this act.

• In February 1922, police opened fire on a peaceful march in Chauri-Chaura in Uttar Pradesh's Gorakhpur district.
• In reaction, an agitated crowd set fire to the Chauri-Chaura police station.
• Twenty-two policemen including one officer were killed in this incident.
• Gandhiji was hurt by this incident. So he decided to suspend the Non-co-operation Movement on 12 February, 1922.

• The reforms introduced by Montague Chelmsford Act of 1919 was unsatisfactory. It created discontent among Indians.
• The British Government appointed the Simon Commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon in 1927. In this commission, none of the Indian member was included.
• In protest of this, the Congress boycotted the Simon Commission.

• The Sultan of Turkey was considered as the Khalifa or religious leader of Muslims all over the world.
• In order to gain the support of Indian Muslims during the First World War, the British made false assurances that the Khalifa's rule would not be harmed after the war.
• But after the end of First World War England did not stick to its assurance.
• A tide of great discontent aroused among the Indian Muslims. As a result, they established the Khilafat Movement.