Notes-Class 9-History-Chapter-10-Changing Life : 2-Maharashtra Board

Language :

• Official languages in India are, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannad, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Odiya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali and Sindhi.
• These Indian languages have dialects, but they are now on the decline.
• Dialects are the important part of our heritage and timely steps should be taken to nurture them,
• Hindi, has reached everywhere through the medium of Hindi movies.
• Hindi movies played important role to unite the country by language.

English language :

• After 1990 the importance of the English language has been increased in India  due to the process of globalisation which began.
• English is becoming the language of livelihood, it opens the doors to multiple job opportunities.
• Though Indians are at the forefront in learning English, it is also necessary to ensure that this process does not endanger the existence of regional languages.

Theatre and films :

• Theatre and films are important aspects of Indian life.
• The early plays were very long. These were on mythological and historical themes.
• The form, techniques, duration of plays have all changed now.
• The place of the ‘musicals’ has been taken by the dramas on political and social subjects.
• The black and white movies are replaced by colour movies.
• Movies reflect contemporary themes.
• Many of the movies are now shot at foreign locations.
• Hindi movies now compete with global movies.
• Many movies are translated into foreign languages.
• In English movies, translation in Hindi appears on screen as sub-titles.
• The duration of movies has reduced from 3-4 hours to 1-1/2 hours.
• The concept of one screen and one cinema hall has given way to multiplexes.
• The days of a movie running for 100 weeks in one cinema hall are over. Now one movie runs in thousands of cinema halls in India and abroad simultaneously.
• Production of movies has attained the status of industry. The industry now employs crores of people.
• The movie industry in regional languages is also thriving.

Newspapers :

• The changing lifestyle has affected the newspapers and in turn the individuals and community as a whole.
• After independence, newspapers not only gave news but also gave inputs to industry and commerce.
• The objectives of newspapers are: to shape public opinion, to direct it towards constructive work, at times lead the latter, to carry on the task of public education, to keep a watch over the government.
• Newspapers were earlier the mouthpieces of the taluka or district. Now they face tough competition from the state level newspaper chains.
• Their scope has enlarged to raising funds for drought and flood affected people, helping meritorious students from lower income group; to go for higher education and organization or sponsoring cultural programmes.