Population
Class 10-Geography-Chapter-6- Maharashtra Board
Notes
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Topics to be learn :
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Introduction : Population is an important resource that plays a very important role in the development of a country. The population of India and Brazil differs in quantity and quality. The qualitative aspects of a population are important for a nation’s economic and social progress.
- The economic and social growth and development of any country depends upon its quantity and quality of population.
- If a country has excess of population or if it has less population than requirement, it results in slow economic growth and development of country.
- If a country has optimum and quality population, its economic growth and development speeds up.
Life expectancy and social development :
(1) Increase in life expectancy indicates increase in social development of a country.
(2) Availability of medical facilities, advancement in medical sciences, availability of nutritious food, etc. factors helps in increasing life expectancy.
(3) Compared to developed countries, life expectancy in developing countries is very less. Due to progress in the social and economic development in developing countries, the life expectancy in developing countries is gradually increasing.
(4) In India, in 1960 the life expectancy was only 41 years. On the contrary, in 2016 it was 68 years, This increase in life expectancy indicates increase in social development in India.
| India |
The information about some basic facts of India with reference to population :
| Point | Facts |
| Total population | According to Census 2011: Nearly 121 crores. |
| Populationwise rank in the world | Second |
| The per cent of world’s total land occupied by country | Nearly 2.41 % |
| The per cent of world population living in country | Nearly 17.5% |
| Density of population | According to Census 2011 : 382 persons per sq. km. |
India has comparatively less per cent of the world’s total land and more per cent of the World’s total population. Therefore, India’s density of population is high.
Distribution of population in India :
The distribution of population in India is uneven. The information about distribution of population in India is as follows :
- Factors affecting distribution of population : Physiography and climate of region play an important role in distribution of population. For example, human settlements get established in regions with availability of water, fertile soil, plain physiography, etc.
- Densely populated regions : In India, dense distribution of population is found in the regions where farming, industries, trade, etc. are Well developed. For example, Northern plains and cities like Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, etc. are densely populated.
- Sparsely populated regions : In India, sparse distribution of population is found in the mountainous regions, hilly regions, dry desert areas, dense forest areas, etc. For example, Thar desert in Rajasthan is sparsely populated.
Ganga plain :
- Ganga plain is a plain region located in the northern part of India.
- Ganga plain is blessed with moderate amount of rainfall, fertile soil and mild climatic conditions.
- Agriculture, industries, trade and transport facilities are well developed in this region. Therefore, population density is high in Ganga plains.
Population composition :
Sex ratio : Sex ratio means the number of females per 1000 males in region.
- Less than 1000
- According to Census 2011 : 947
- Fluctuations in sex ratio since decades
- Slight increase in sex ratio after 1991
Age and sex pyramid : The proportion of youth is more
Population growth rate :
- From 2001 to 2011, population increased by 18.2 crores.
- The rate of population growth is now declining but total population is still growing.
Life expectancy : 68 years in 2016
- In India, in 1960 the life expectancy was only 41 years. On the contrary, in 2016 it was 68 years. This increase in life expectancy indicates increase in social development in India.
Literacy rate : 72.2% in 2016
| Brazil |
The information about some basic facts of Brazil with reference to population :
| Point | Facts |
| Total population | According to Census 2010: Nearly 19 crores. |
| Populationwise rank in the world | Fifth |
| The per cent of world’s total land occupied by country | Nearly 5.6% |
| The per cent of world population living in country | Nearly 2.78 % |
| Density of population | According to Census 2010 : 23 persons per sq. km. |
- Brazil has comparatively more per cent of the world’s total land and less per cent of the world’s total population. Therefore, Brazil’s population density is very less.
- Due to urbanization and favourable climatic conditions, nearly 90 per cent of the total population of Brazil, lives in the eastern and the coastal region.
- In Brazil, most of the tribal people live in the areas of the Amazon river basin.
Distribution of population in Brazil;
The distribution of population in Brazil is uneven. Populationwise, Brazil is the largest country in the continent of South America.
The information about distribution of population in Brazil is as follows :
- Densely populated regions : In Brazil, dense distribution of population is found in the southeastern coastal region of nearly 300 kilometres. Development of agriculture and industries and availability of minerals have supported dense distribution of population in this region.
- Moderately populated regions : In Brazil, Brazilian highlands region is moderately populated.
- Less populated regions : The central and the Western part of Brazil is less populated.
- Sparsely populated regions : Due to unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall, dense evergreen rainforest, etc. the Amazon river basin in Brazil is sparsely populated.
Amazon basin :
- The amount of annual average rainfall in the Amazon basin in the northern region near equator in Brazil is nearly 2000 mm. The annual average temperature in this region is found to be nearly 28°C.
- Evergreen rainforest moist and dense forests are seen in the Amazon river basin. Due to heavy rainfall, hot and humid climate and dense forests the Amazon basin had become inaccessible.
- The transportation facilities are poorly developed in this region. Therefore, the density of population is sparse in the Amazon basin.
Southeastern coastal region of Brazil and population distribution :
- Temperate type of climate is found in the southeastern coastal region of Brazil.
- Mild and humid climate, average amount of rainfall, fertile soil and availability of resources have helped in flourishing agriculture and industries in the southeastern coastal region of Brazil.
- These favourable factors have led to dense distribution of population in the southeastern coastal regions of Brazil.
- According to Census 2010, the density of population in the southeastern coastal region (in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) was the maximum, i.e. more than 300 persons per sq.km.
Population composition :
Sex ratio :
- More than 1000 since decades
- According to Census 2010 : 1090
- Considerable increase in sex ratio since 2001
Age and sex pyramid : The proportion of aged people is more
Population growth rate :
- The rate of growth of population has reduced considerably in Brazil.
- The rate of population growth is declining.
- Population may not increase in the next two decades.
Life expectancy : 75 years in 2016
Literacy rate : 92.6 % in 2016
Comparison of the population of India and Brazil with reference to age and sex pyramid :
- From age and sex pyramid of both the countries it can be observed that, compared to Brazil, the number of small children in India is high.
- Compared to Brazil, the number of young population in India is high.
- Compared to Brazil, the percentage of working population/ youth in India is high. Therefore India is considered as ‘young country’.
- From the age and sex pyramid of both the countries it can be observed that compared to India, population of Brazil is getting slowly older.
- In Brazil, the number of females in almost all age groups is greater than males.
- From the age and sex pyramid of Brazil, it can be observed that in Brazil, the sex ratio is favourable for females in almost all age groups.
- In India, the number of females is less in all age groups between 0 to 75.
- From the age and sex pyramid of India, it can be observed that in India, the sex ratio is unfavourable for females up to age 75. The number of females is more than males only in all the age group above 75 years.
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