Notes-Class 10-Geography-Chapter-8-Economy and Occupations-Maharashtra Board

(1) Agriculture :

• In Brazil, agriculture is mainly developed in Brazilian highlands and the coastal regions.
•  Due to favourable climate and topography as well as moderate amount of rainfall, variety of crops are grown in Brazilian Highlands and coastal region. -
• The cereal crops like rice and maize and commercial crops like coffee, cocoa, rubber, soya bean, sugarcane, etc. are largely produced in Brazil. Fruits like bananas, pineapples, oranges and other citrus fruits are also produced in Brazil.
•  Brazil is the largest exporter of coffee and soya bean in the world. Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais located in the south-eastern part of Brazil are the leading producers of coffee in Brazil.

Climatic conditions and production of the crops in Brazil.

• The crops like rice, cacao are produced on a large scale in the coastal region.
• The crops like rice, cacao, etc. require hot and humid temperature and heavy rainfall. Thus, the coastal region of Brazil has hot and humid temperature and it receives heavy rainfall.
• The crops like coffee, soya bean, oranges, etc. are produced on a large scale in Brazilian Highlands
• The crops like coffee, soya bean, oranges, etc require mild temperature and medium rainfall. Thus, Brazilian highlands has mild temperature and it receives moderate amount of rainfall.

(3) Mining :

• Eastern part : The eastern part of Brazil is rich in various types of minerals like Iron ore, manganese, nickel, copper, bauxite, tungsten, diamonds, etc.
• Amazon river basin : Inaccessibility, lack of knowledge of potential reserves of resources, dense forests, etc are factors which have led to limitations in mining in the interior parts of the country.
• Brazilian Highlands : Due to availability of natural resources, increasing demand, availability of transport facilities mining work is flourished on a large scale.
• Western part : There are comparatively less number of mineral deposits in the western part of Brazil.  Most of the western part of Brazil is covered by the Amazon river basin. As its effect, there are natural limitations on the use and exploitation of mineral resources available in this areas. The density of human settlement is very low in the Western part of Brazil. Thus, the demand for minerals in this part is comparatively low. Similarly, transport facilities are poorly developed in this areas. Therefore, mining has not developed in the western part of Brazil.

(4) Fishing :

• Brazil has a sea coast of around 7,400 km and excellent fishing grounds off the South Atlantic coast.
• Confluence of warm Brazil ocean current and cold Falkland ocean current off the coast of southeast Brazil and excellent fishing ground supports the fishing activity.
• Fishing is one of the traditional occupations.
• Fishermen have been using primitive techniques and equipment for fishing.
• Nowadays large vessels are being used.
• Swordfish, shrimp, lobsters, sardines fish are mainly caught.
• Due to rigid topography, dense forests and huge discharge from rivers, the inland fishing is developed on a small scale.

(1) Agriculture :

Features :

• One of the traditional occupations.
• Nearly 60 % of land of India is under cultivation.
• Most of the agriculture is of subsistence nature.
• Compared to Brazil, the contribution of agriculture in Gross Domestic Product is high.
• Compared to Brazil, the percentage of population of total population engaged in agriculture is high.

The factors promoting a strong base : Extensive plains , fertile soils, long growing seasons, variety in climate, etc.

Main food crops grown: Rice, wheat, sorghum, millets, maize, etc. food crops , tea, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rubber, jute, etc. cash crops and variety of spices, fruits and vegetables are grown on a large scale in India.

Main cash crops grown : Tea, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rubber, jute, etc.

Other crops cultivated : Variety of spices, fruits and vegetables.

Foreign exchange : The agricultural produce like spices, mangoes, grapes, apples, vegetables, etc. are exported from India to world market. As its effect, agricultural produce helps in earning foreign exchange.

(2) Fishing :

The information about the fishing occupation in India can be given with the help of the following points :

Features:

• India is one of the largest producers of fish, both marine and inland.
• Fishing provides food stuff in diet, generates employment, raises nutritious level and helps in earning foreign exchange.

Importance in diet: Fish is an important part of the diet of people from the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Odisha.

Marine fishing :

• Marine fishing accounts for nearly 40 per cent of the total annual production of fish.
• It is confined to coastal waters in the west from Kachchh, Malbar coast to Coromandal coast in the east.
• Sardines, mackerel, Bombay duck, prawns, etc. fish are mainly caught in the
• Arabian Sea.
• Horse mackerels, clupeids and silver bellies are mainly caught in the Bay of Bengal.

Freshwater fishing :

• Freshwater fishing accounts nearly 60 per cent of the total annual production of fish.
• It is mainly carried on in rivers, canals, irrigation channels, tanks, ponds, lakes, etc.
• Silver bellies, carp (chopda) are the main fish caught.

(3) Mining :

The information of mining occupation can be given with the help of the following points :

Metal reserves in India : Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, etc. states have most of the reserves of metallic minerals. Chhota Nagpur Plateau is known as a big storehouse of variety of minerals. Therefore metallurgical industries are developed on a large scale in the northeastern part of the peninsula.

Favourable factors to metallurgical industries :

• Coal and refractory minerals are available on a large scale in the northeastern region of peninsula.
• Power from Damodar Valley Corporation and number of thermal power projects have been supporting factors to metallurgical industries in this region.

Distribution of metallurgical industries :

• Coal is mined in Korba in Chhattisgarh and in eastern Maharashtra.
• Mineral oil wells are found in Digboi in Assam, Mumbai High in Arabian Sea near Mumbai in Maharashtra, Kalol and Koyali in Gujarat.
• Reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been found at the mouth of river Godavari.
• Marble stones are found in Rajasthan, cuddapah stones are found in Andhra Pradesh.
• Copper, lead and zinc based industries are developed in Rajasthan.
• Steel, manganese and aluminium based industries are located in Karnataka.
• Aluminium based industries have concentrated in Tamil Nadu.

Employment generation : Mining is one of the important occupations in India. It generates employment opportunities to many of people living.

Metallurgical industries :

• Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, etc. states have most of the reserves of metallic minerals.
• Most of the metallurgical industries are concentrated in the northeastern part of peninsula.
• Availability of coal and refractory minerals, power from Damodar Valley
• Corporation, number of thermal power projects have supported metallurgical industries in this region.
• Copper, lead and zinc based industries are developed in Rajasthan.
• Steel, manganese and aluminium based industries are located in Karnataka.
• Aluminium based industries have concentrated in Tamil Nadu.

Agro-based industries :

• Agro-based industries like cotton, jute and sugar are concentrated in the raw material producing areas.
• Sugar industries are developed in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.
• Jute industry is developed in West Bengal.
• Forest based industries like paper, ply wood, matches, resins, lac, etc. are located near forests in many states.
• Coir and copra and fish canning industries are located in the coastal regions, especially in the state of Kerala.

India :

• Import : Petroleum, machines, pearls, precious stones, gold, silver, paper, medicines, etc.
• Exports : Tea, coffee, spices, leather, leather goods, iron ore, cotton, silk textiles, mangoes, etc.
• Trading partners : UK, USA, Germany, Japan, China, Russia, etc.
• Contribution of trade in GDP : Nearly 40 per cent in 2012

• Foreign Investment : Compared to Brazil, Indian companies investment in Brazil is high. Indian companies set up industrial centres all over Brazil and invested lot of capital.

• Sectors of Foreign investment : Information technology, pharmaceuticals, energy, agro-business, mining, engineering and automobiles.
• In Brazil, the career opportunities in the fields of hotel industry, solar energy, wind energy, biofuels, etc. are available to Indians.

Brazil :

• Import : Machinery, chemical products, fertilizers, Wheat, heavy vehicles, mineral oil, lubricants, etc.
• Exports : Iron ore, coffee, cacao, soya bean sugar, tobacco, oranges, bananas, etc.
• Trading partners : Germany, USA, Canada, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, India.
• Contribution of trade in GDP : Nearly 25 per cent in 2012
• Foreign Investment : Compared to India, Brazilian companies investment in India is low.
• Sectors of Foreign investment : Information technology, energy, mining, automobiles, footwear, biofuels, etc.
• Macro Polo (automobiles), Vale (mining), Stafanini, etc. are the Brazilian companies present in India.