Question 1.
Tick (\/) the correct options :
(a) The concentration of settlements is related to following major factor
(i) Proximity the to Sea
(ii) Plain region
(iii) Availability of water
(iv) climate
Answer :
(iii) Availability of water
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(b) In North-eastern part of Brazil, which types of settlements are found?
(i) Nucleated
(ii) Linear
(iii) Dispersed
(iv) star-shaped
(c) Where do you find dispersed settlements in India?
(i) Near the rivers
(ii) Near the transport routes
(iii) Hilly areas
(iv) industrial regions
Answer :
(iii) Hilly areas
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(d) Concentrated settlements are found in Narmada Valley-
(i) Forested Land
(ii) Cultivable Land
(iii) Undulating topography
(iv) industries
Answer :
(ii) Cultivable Land
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(e) Which State has the least urbanization in Brazil ?
(i) Para
(ii) Amapa
(iii) Espirito Santo
(iv) Parana
Question 2.
Give geographical reasons:
(a) Availability of water is a major factor affecting settlements.
Answer :
Water is the prime factor for many living organisms.
- Human beings require water to satisfy their various daily needs. Water is required for agriculture as well as industries.
- Due to unavailability of water, the agriculture and industries do not flourish. As its effect, human settlements do not grow in such areas.
- Due to availability of water, the agriculture and industries gets developed. Many employment opportunities are generated. As its effect, human settlements gets developed in such areas.
In this way, availability of water is a major factor affecting settlements.
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(b) In Brazil, majority of population is found in the eastern coastal areas.
Answer :
- The initial settlements were found in the eastern coastal areas of Brazil.
- The eastern coastal areas of Brazil has plenty of water, availability of natural resources, deposits of minerals, and availability of transport and regular power supply.
- Due to these, favourable factors, agriculture, trade and industries are well-developed in this region.
Therefore, in Brazil, majority of population is found in the eastern coastal areas.
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(c) Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India.
Answer :
- In India, the progress in agriculture, trade, commerce, industries, education is increasing day by day.
- Due to these developments, many modern cities are emerging in country. Many employment opportunities are generated in these cities.
- People from various regions are settling down in these cities. As its effect, urbanization is increasing rapidly in India.
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(d) Settlements are sparse in north-eastern Brazil.
Answer :
- Northeastern Brazil is a rain shadow region.
- The amount of annual average rainfall in this region is only 600 mm. Therefore this region is considered as drought-prone.
- Due to scanty rainfall, agriculture and other industries are not well-developed in this region.
- Therefore, settlements are sparse in northeastern Brazil.
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(e) Except Delhi and Chandigarh, urbanization is low in other parts of India.
Answer :
- Except Delhi and Chandigarh, many other parts of North India are covered by Himalayan region.
- Due to moutainous region in other parts, agriculture, trade, commerce, industries, transportation facilities are not well-developed in other parts of North India. Therefore, urbanization is very less in other parts of North India.
- Delhi and Chandigarh lie in the North Indian Plains. Delhi is the capital of India. Chandigarh is the capital of Punjab and Haryana states. There are many government offices, banks, other administrative buildings, etc. in Delhi and Haryana.
Therefore, the rate of urbanization is high in Delhi and Chandigarh. Thus, except Delhi and Chandigarh, urbanization is low in other parts of North India.
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Question 3.
Answer in short:
(a) Write a comparative note on urbanisition in Brazil and India.
Answer :
- In Brazil, the rate of urbanization is comparatively higher and in India, the rate of urbanization is comparatively lower.
- In 2011, the rate of urbanization in India was only 31.2 per cent. On the other hand in 2010, the rate of urbanization in Brazil was 84.6 per cent.
- In India, the rate of urbanization increased from 18 per cent in 1961 to 31.2 per cent in 2011.
- In Brazil, the rate of urbanization increased from 47.1 per cent in 1960 to 84.6 per cent in 2010.
- In India, the rate of urbanization has increased continuously from 1961 to 2011.
- In India, the rate of urbanization has increased with fluctuating rate from 1961 to 2011.
- In Brazil, the rate of urbanization has increased from 1960 to 2010.
- In Brazil, though the rate of urbanization has increased from 1960 to 2010, it has increased by diminishing rate.
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(b) Diffrentiate between the human settlements in Ganga river basin and the Amazon river basin.
Answer :
Ganga river basin :
- Mild climatic conditions are found in the Ganga river Basin.
- Due to the deposition of sediment brought by Ganga and its tributaries, a fertile cultivable land is found in Ganga river basin.
- Agriculture and other industries have flourished Well in Ganga river basin.
- A network of transport facilities as well as employment opportunities are available in the region of Ganga river basin.
- Due to these favourable factors, nucleated and dense human settlements are found in Ganga river basin.
Amazon river basin :
- Extremely unhealthy climate is found in Amazon river basin.
- Due to dense evergreen rainforests, the area of Amazon river basin has become inaccessible.
- Due to inaccessibility, there are restrictions on the use and the exploitation of natural resources available in Amazon river basin.
- Due to dense forests, very poor transport facilities are available in Amazon river basin.
- Due to these unfavourable factors, dispersed and scattered human settlements are found in Amazon river basin.
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(c) Why do human settlements grow in specific locations only?
Answer :
- Drought-prone regions, desert regions, regions having infertile land, regions of unhealthy climate, etc. adversely affect the growth of human settlements.
- In such regions, the agriculture and industries do not progress well. As its effect, human settlements do not grow in such regions.
- Regions with fresh air and bright sunlight, regions with availability of water, regions having fertile land, regions of moderate rainfall, etc. supports the growth of human settlements.
- In such regions, the agriculture and industries progress well. As its effect, human settlements grow in such areas. In this way, due to presence of favourable factors, human settlements grow in specific locations only.
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