Notes-Class 7-History-Chapter 2-India before the Times of Shivaji Maharaj-Maharashtra Board

India before the Times of Shivaji Maharaj

Solutions-Class 7-History-Chapter 2- Based on Maharashtra Board syllabus

Notes

Topics to be Learn :

  • Invasions from the North-West
  • Sultanate in the North
  • The Kingdom of Vijaynagar
  • The Bahamani Kingdom
  • Mughal Power
  • Conflict with the Ahoms
  • Conflict with the Sikhs
  • Conflict with the Rajputs
  • Conflict with the Marathas

Regional powers : Various ruling powers existed in India before the times of Shivaji Maharaj/

Bengal :

  • ‘Pal’ in the eighth century was a famous dynasty in Bengal.
  • Gopal Pal was a founder of the rule of the ‘Pala.

Central India :   

  • Rajput :  Gurjar-Pratihar – Spread up to Andhra, Kalinga, Vidarbha, West Kathewad, Kanauj and Gujarat.

North India :

  • Rajput : Gahadwal and Parmar dynasties were the important ones.
  • Rajput : Prithviraj Chauhan belonging to the Chauhan dynasty was a valiant King. He defeated Muhammad Ghuri in the First War of Tarai but was defeated in the Second War of Tarai.

Tamil Nadu :

  • Rajaraj I and Rajendra I belonging to the Chola dynasty in Tamil Nadu were eminent rulers.
  • The Cholas conquered the Maldive Islands and Sri Lanka using their naval strength.

Karnataka :

  • King Vishnuvardhan belonging to the Hoysal dynasty  had conquered the whole of Karnataka.

Maharashtra :

  • Govind III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. Rashtrakut power spread from Kanauj up to Rameshwar.
  • Krishna III conquered the region up to Allahabad.
  • Shilahar dynasty (Three Branches): Emerged in Western Maharashtra. One dynasty ruled over Thane and Raigad in North Konkan, the second in South Konkan, while the third dynasty ruled over some parts of the present day Kolhapur, Satara, Sangli and Belgaum districts.
  • Bhillam V of the Yadava dynasty : The last prosperous power before the period of Shivaji Maharaj . The capital of Yadava dynasty was at Deogiri near Aurangabad. He extended his rule beyond the river Krishna.
  • Yadava period is considered to be the golden period of Marathi language and literature. In this period that the Mahanubhav Panth and the Varkari movement emerged.

Invasions from the North-West :

  • The invaders from the north-west conquered the local dynasties.
  • The Arab General Muhammad—bin—Qasim conquered the Sindh province in the eighth century overcoming the resistance of King Dahir.
  • The Turks started invading India in the eleventh century CE.
  • Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India many times. He plundered the rich temples of Mathura, Vrindavan, Kanauj and Somnath.

The Delhi Sultanate :

The Delhi Sultanate :

  • Sultan Muhammad Ghuri invaded India from 1175 CE to 1178 CE.
  • He appointed Qutubuddin Aibak to govern the conquered territory in India.
  • After the death of Ghuri in 1206 CE, Aibak began to rule independently.
  • The Delhi Sultanate ruled India upto 1526 CE. Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler, He was defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat.
  • The significant among the rulers of Delhi Sultanate were Iltutmish, Razia, Bulban, Alauddin Khalji, Muhammad-bin-Tughluque, Firuz Tughluque and Ibrahim Lodi.

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The Kingdom of Vijaynagar :

The Kingdom of Vijaynagar :

  • Taking advantage of revolts againts the Tughluque empire, Harihar and Bukka founded the Kingdom of Vijaynagar in 1336 CE in the South.
  • Humpi Was the capital of the Kingdom. Harihar was succeeded by Bukka. He spread his kingdom upto Rameshwar.
  • Krishnadevaraya ascended the throne in 1509 CE. He conquered Vijaywada and Rajmahendri. He defeated the combined armies of Sultans under Bahamani Sultan Mahmud Shah.
  • Krishnadevraya’s kingdom extended from Cuttak in the east upto Goa in the west and Raichur Doab in the north upto the Indian Ocean in the south.
  • Krishnadevraya was a scholar. He wrote Amuktamalyada a treatise on polity in Telugu languange.
  • The Hazar Ram temple and Vitthal temple were built during his reign.
  • Ramraya was the last ruler of Vijaynagar. He was defeated in 1565 CE in the Battle of Talikot by the Bahamani rulers.

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The Bahamani Kingdom :

The Bahamani Kingdom :

  • Hasan Gangu, a Sardar, in defiance of the Muhammad Tughluque founded the Bahamani kingdom in 1347 CE. Gulburga in Karnataka was the capital of Bahamani kingdom.
  • After the death of Gawan, due to conflicts among Sardars, the Bahamani Kingdom disintegrated and five small kingdoms emerged. They were : (i) Imadshani of Varhad, (ii) Baridshahi of Bidar, (iii) Adilshahi of Bijapur, (iv) Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, (v) Qutubshahi of Goleconda.

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Mahmud Gawan :

  • Mahmud Gawan, the Chief Wazir in the Bahamani kingdom, started the practice of paying soldiers in cash instead of land grants.
  • He brought discipline in the army.
  • He introduced many reforms in the land revenue system.
  • He opened a madarsa at Bidar for Arabic and Persian studies.

The Mughal Power :

  • The Mughal power in India was founded by babur in 1526 CE by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat on 21 April, 1526
  • Prior to founding of the rule of the Mughal dynasty, Babur was the King of Farghana in Uzbekistan, Central Asia.
  • He defeated Rana Sanga of Mewad at Khanua.
  • Babur died in 1530 CE.
  • Humayun was the successor of Babur. He was defeated by Shershah_ Shershah founded the Sur dynasty. However, Humayun managed to restore the Mughal rule in 1555 CE.
  • After the death of Humayun in 1556 CE, Akbar came to power. He defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 CE.
  • Akbar was the most powerful Mughal ruler. He had ambition to bring the whole of India under his central authority. He had to struggle against Maharana Pratap, Chandbibi and Rani Durgavati.

Maharana Pratap :

  • Maharana Pratap became the ruler of Mewad after Udaysingh. He opposed Akbar’s imperialist policy.
  • He is known for his qualities like valour, courage, self-respect and sacrifice.

Chandbibi :

  • Chandbibi, the daughter of Husain Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar, bravely defended the fort of Ahmadnagar from the Mughals in 1595 CE.
  • Due to interval strife between the sardars of Nizamshahi, Chandbibi was murdered.

Rani Durgavati :

  • Rani Durgavati, daughter of Chandel Rajput dynasty became queen of Gondavana after marriage.
  • She laid down her life while fighting Akbar, but did not surrender.

Aurangzeb :

Aurangzeb : .

  • Jahangir succeeded Akbar as the Mughal emperor in 1605 CE. Jahangir’s wife Nurjahan played an active role in administration.
  • Shahajahan succeeded Jahangir in 1628 CE and ruled India till his death in
  • 1658 CE.
  • Aurangzeb was the last noteworthy Mughal emperor who ruled India from 1658 CE to 1707 CE.
  • During his time, the Mughal empire extended from Kashmir in the north to Ahmadnagar in the south; from Kabul in the west to Bengal in the east.
  • He added Assam in the east, the kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda and parts of Maharashtra in the south.
  • However, a strong reaction against his policy of intolerance led to the resistance from the Sikhs in Punjab, the Ahoms in 'Assam, the Rajputs in Rajasthan and the Marathas led by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
  • However, the continuous warfare weakened the Mughal empire during the life time of Aurangzeb.
  • Its decline started after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 CE.

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Conflict with the Ahoms :

Conflict with the Ahoms :

  • The people of Shaan community who settled down in the valley of river
  • Brahmaputra were known as Ahoms.
  • The Ahoms under the leadership of Gadadharsinha and Commander Lachit
  • Borphukan gave intense fight to the Mughals.
  • Due to the guerilla technique of Ahoms, the Mughals could not create a strong base in Assam.

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Conflict with the Sikhs :

Conflict with the Sikhs :

  • Guru Teghbahadur protested against the policy of religious intolerance of Aurangzeb.
  • He was imprisoned and beheaded in 1675 CE.
  • Guru Gobindsingh organised the Sikh youths into ‘Khalsa Dal’ to fight with Aurangzeb.
  • However, they did not succeed. Later Guru Gobindsingh succumbed to his wounds in Nanded.

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Conflict with the Rajputs :

Conflict with the Rajputs :

  • Aurangzeb failed to secure cooperation of the Rajputs due to his expansionist policy.
  • He annexed Marwad after the death of Rana Jaswantsingh.
  • Durgadas Rathod crowned Ajitsingh, the minor son of J aswantsingh and fought against Aurangzeb for the survival of Marwad.

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Conflict with the Marathas :

Conflict with the Marathas :

  • Swaraj was established in Maharashtra, under the leadership of Shivaji Maharaj
  • In his efforts to establish Swaraj, Shivaji Maharaj had to fight the Mughals along with the other enemies.
  • Aurangzeb came down to the Deccan after the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj with the intention of conquering the whole of South India.
  • But the Marathas offered stiff resistance to Aurangzeb and defended their independence.

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Useful links->

Main Page : - Maharashtra Board Class 7 History & Civics  - All chapters notes, solutions, videos, test, pdf.

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