Notes-Class 9-History-Chapter-5-Education-Maharashtra Board

Education

Maharashtra Board-Class 9-History-Chapter-5

Notes

Points to be learn :

  • Primary education
  • Secondary education
  • The work of the Commission
  • Higher education
  • National Policy on Education 1986
  • Research institutes – science
  • Engineering
  • Research institutes – medicine
  • Research institutes - agriculture

Challenge of literacy :

  • The first Census of India in 1951 revealed the extreme complexity and intractability of the educational issues in the country.
  • In the first Census, the literacy level was 17%.
  • The remedial measures led to increase in literacy.

Census year and literacy percentage :

Census year Literacy
1971 34%
1981 43%
1991 52%
2001 64%

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For improving this percentage of literacy, government of India were put several remedial schemes to deal with it.

Primary Education :

  • Primary education refers to the schooling given to children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.
  • Operation Biackboard : It was undertaken in the year 1988 by the Government of India.
  • Funds were made available to improve the standard of the schools and to fulfill minimum educational needs such as at least two proper classrooms, toilets, one of the two teachers to be female, a blackboard, maps, laboratory apparatus, a small library, a playground, sports equipment, etc.
  • This scheme gave momentum to primary education.
  • Operation Blackboard was expanded in 1994.
  • Provision was made for one additional classroom and for appointing one more teacher in schools with an enrolment of more than 100 students.
  • The priority was given to girl’s schools, schools with a majority of scheduled caste and tribe students and schools in rural areas.
  • It was made binding on the State Government to appoint 50% female teachers.
  • District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started in 1994 with the objective of universalisation of primary education.
  • It was implemented in seven states including Maharashtra.
  • The programme aimed at 100% attendance in arresting student drop-out, education for girls and for the physically handicapped.
  • It included programmes such as research on and evaluation of primary education, alternative education, creating societal awareness, etc.
  • Midday Meals Scheme was started in 1995 to provide proper nourishment for students.
Know this :

  • The state of Maharashtra was formed in 1960. The government of Maharashtra decided to implement a common state-wide curriculum for Stds. I to VII. They assigned this task to Principal Sayad Rauf of S. T. Coliege.
  • Tarabai Modak worked in Bordi and Kosbad area in Thane district. She started Anganwadis for Adivasi children. She worked hard to bringin the ‘learning by doing’ method, to start Kuranshalas (meadow schools) and to spread vocational technical education.
  • Anutai Wagh undertook Kosbad Project for the progress of Adivasis in Thane district. She started creches, nurseries, primary schools, adult education classes and Balsevika training school for the education of Adivasis.

Secondary Education :

  • After independence Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam set up University Education Commission in 1948.
  • It recommended appointment of a separate commission for secondary education.

Mudaliar Commission :

Mudaliar Commission : The Mudaliar Commission was appointed in 1952 to review the existing secondary education, the nature of the curriculum, medium of instruction and teaching methodology.

  • In place of the existing 11+4 or 11+1 +3 pattern the Commission recommended the concept of Higher Secondary. However, the same could not be implemented all over the country.

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Kothari Commission :

Kothari Commission : The Kothari Commission was appointed in 1964. It recommended the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary and university education. This system was implemented from 1972.

  • The other recommendations include a uniform national system of education, the inclusion of the mother tongue, Hindi and English in education, as well as continuing education, adult education, education by correspondence and open universities to make education trickle down to the lowest rungs of society.
  • It also recommended increased provision in the government's budget for expenditure on education of neglected sections like the scheduled castes and tribes.

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Maharashtra government adopted the 10+2+3 patterns in 1972 and conducted the first Std. X Board examination in 1975.

Higher Education :

Education in post-independence era :

  • University Education Commission was appointed under the chairmanship Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan in 1948.
  • The University Grants Commission (UGC) was established by an act of parliament in 1956. It is the apex academic body that coordinates higher education and disburses grants to the universities and colleges.
  • The UGC undertakes planning of university education, co-ordination of syllabii, giving priority to national needs through education and the planning and implementation of various schemes of higher education. It sets up university development councils, centres for advanced studies for post-graduate education, establishing new universities.
  • It produces the ‘Countrywide Classroom programme which is telecast by Doordarshan.
Know this :

Balbharati : The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research (Balbharati) was established in Pune on 27 January 1967.

Balbharati prepares textbooks for school children.

Textbooks are made in eight languages, namely, Marathi, Hindi, English, Urdu, Kannad, Sindhi, Gujarati and Telugu. ‘Kishor’, a monthly magazine for children, is also published by Balbharati.

The Competency based Primary Education Curriculum 1995 :

  • Even as the Primary Education Curriculum 1988 was being implemented, a
  • Committee was formed at the national level with Dr R. H. Dave as its Chairman, to determine minimum levels of learning.
  • The Dave Committee developed charts of minimum levels of learning in language, mathematics and environmental studies up to Std V.
  • The charts showed the sequence of learning of the competencies meant for each class.

National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) :

National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) :

  • It was established on 1st of September 1961 in Delhi.
  • Its main objective is to help the Central Government in preparing comprehensive policy and in implementing educational schemes.
  • NCERT was given the responsibility of educational research and development, training, extension, educational training, extension, educational programmes, restructuring of school curriculum and textbooks.
  • It has played central role in designing school curricula and textbooks with the cooperation of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
  • NCERT provides guidance to the state government in the area of primary and secondary education. It designs workbook for teachers, in teachers training, in developing teaching-learning techniques and conducting the national talent search examinations.
  • SCERTs were established in all states on the lines of the NCERT.

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Maharashtra State Council of Educational Research and Training:

  • It was established in Pune. It works for improving the standard of primary education, in-service training of teachers, training in syllabii and evaluation and vocational guidance for students.
  • It brings out a periodical called Jeevan Shikshan.
The Art Department was established in 1965 in Maharashtra, to frame the policy for Art Education and for its implementation by institutes of art. This Department undertook the responsibility of organizing the drawing grade examinations at school level

National Policy of Education 1986 :

National Policy of Education 1986 :

  • National Policy on Education was adopted in 1986 to bring about certain changes of fundamental nature in education.
  • Fundamental changes were brought about in primary, secondary and higher secondary education in keeping with the changing needs of society.
  • A common core curriculum was framed for all states with a view to provide equal educational opportunity to students all over India.
  • However, there is flexibility and the states have scope to bring in changes, within the National curriculum, in accordance with their cultural, geographical and historical needs.
  • ‘Primary Education Curriculum 1988' was prepared on the basis of plan of action, designed at the national level for the effective implementation of the National Policy on Education, 1986.

Satellite for Education :

  • The use of satellite for education was made in 1975 with the help of Eknath Chitnis, a scientist with ISRO.
  • SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) was undertaken under the leadership of the Space Application Centre at Ahmadabad. America had helped India in this programme.
  • The concept of satellite education helped to improve the standard of education in the rural areas.

Establishing Open University :

  • The United Nations declared 1970 as the International Education Year.
  • The idea of establishing an Open University was thought of in the seminar at Delhi on the subject open University.

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) :

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)

  • It was established in 1985 with the objective that the stream of education should make its way into every average household of the country.
  • Those who are unable to get a college education in the formal way, are given concession ineligibility criteria, age and other conditions for admission to this university.
  • In 1990, the IGNOU started an audio-visual distance education programme through Akashvani and Doordarshan.
  • It conducts more than 1000 courses and provides facility for education through 58 centres in the country and 41 outside the country.

Research institutes – science :

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) :

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) :

In the post-independence period in 1950, CSIR was established with the objective to promote scientific research in the country and to take the benefits of the research to all the people.

Work :

  • Research in physics, chemistry, pharmaceutical, food processing and mining
  • Marking ink used for voters’ fingers during elections
  • Medicines for malaria, elephantiasis and tuberculosis
  • Water purification technology
  • Reduction in time required for bamboo production
  • Use of DNA fingerprinting
  • Genetic study of the Adivasis of Andamans
  • Use of neem in pesticide, turmeric for healing wounds, patent of varieties of rice.

National Institute for Research in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences : It was  established in Tamil Nadu in 1962. It encouraged the highest level of research in mathematics.

Indian Statistical Institute -1969 : Made first indigenous computer named the ISIJU computer with the help of Jadavpur University.

Tata Consultancy Services, (TCS) : In 1974, TCS, obtained an American contract in the area of software production. That was the beginning of the software industry in India. Computers also helped to step up the speed of scientific research.

Centre for Development for Advanced Computing (C-DAC) : In 1988, the Central Government established C-DAC in Pune and in 1991 the Centre under the leadership of Dr Vijay Bhatkar developed the Param-8000 supercomputer.

 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)-1948 : (1)

  • Research in field of nuclear physics, soiid state physics, spectroscopy, chemical and life sciences
  • Started a school to train scientists for setting up nuclear reactors.

Engineering Institutes :

Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) :

Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) :

India’s first IIT was set up at Kharagpur in West Bengal in 1951.

Objective : To provide higher and advanced education in all branches of engineering.

  • In the decade from 1970 to 1980 a large number of IIT students began to leave for foreign countries causing the Brain Drain crisis. However, this situation changed after 1990.
  • Started at Powai (Mumbai), Chennai, Kanpur, New Delhi, Guwahati (1994), Roorkee (2001)
  • The IITs in India were given the status of deemed Universities and BTech and MTech courses were started there.
  • Admission through entrance exams, nominal fees and reservations for students are the special features of the IIT

Indian institute of Management (IIM) :

Indian institute of Management (IIM) :

Objective : To mould skilled managers.

Other objective /Work :

  • Set up at Ahmadabad by the Central and State government.
  • Help from Harvard Business School in America.
  • Also set up at Kolkata, Bengaluru, Lucknow, Kozhikode, Indore and Shillong.

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National Institute of Design (NID)-1961 :

Objective : To impart training in Industrial Design

Other objective /Work :

  • Courses in design, graphic design, product design, visual communications
  • Designing of transistor radio, calculators and logos for Indian Airlines and State Bank of India.
Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) :

  • Systematic training in any aspect of film making is given at the Film and Television Institute of India.
  • Facilities were made available for imparting scientific training at this Institute in all aspects of film-making such as direction, editing and acting.
  • This Institute inherited the legacy of the Prabhat Film Company of Pune and became famous all over the world.

 Research institutes – medicine :

Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) :

Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) :

In 1949, the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) was established for conducting research in the medical field.

  • It was given the responsibility of cooperating with universities, medical colleges, government and non-government research institutes and giving them guidance and financial support for research activities.
  • Twenty-six centres started in the country
  • Its research helps in controlling tuberculosis and leprosy.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) :

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) :

Objective : To give impetus to advanced education and research in medicine

Other objective /Work :

  • To give undergraduate and post graduate courses in different branches of medicine
  • To provide research facilities, well-equipped hospitals, medical treatment to common people at nominal rates.
  • To establish special colleges for training in nursing, super speciality centres for treatment in disorders of heart, brain and eyes.

Medical Council of India :

  • The Medical Council of India was restructured in 1958.
  • It was entrusted with the task of determining criteria for quality of medical education, its supervision and inspection.

The Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer :

  • It is a branch of Tata Memorial Centre
  • Functions as national centre for treatment, research and education in cancer.

Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy :

Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy :

In 1969 the Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy was established to conduct research and bring about development in the Ayurvedic,

Naturopathy, Unani and Homoeopathy systems of medicine.

In 1979, this institute was dissolved and replaced by three others, namely, the

  • Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
  • Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy and
  • Central Council for Research in Yoga and Nature Cure

In accordance with their respective clinical methodologies.

These institutes have the responsibility of conducting research on various diseases, developing tests and standardisation of medicines.

Research institutes – agriculture :

Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) :

Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) :

In India, research in agriculture had begun as early as 1905.

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute was given the status of a University in 1958

Objective : Research Agriculture

Other objective /Work :

  • Development of agriculture, well equipped laboratories, soil science, economic botany and other departments
  • Research on wheat, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and other problems‘,
  • Fundamental research in harvesting multiple crops in a year.
  • This Institute maintains a library at its head office in Delhi which is the biggest agriculture-related library in the country.

Useful links :

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