Notes-Class 9-History-Chapter-8-Industry and Trade-Maharashtra Board

Some industries in India :

Textile industry :

• The textile industry forms 14% of the total industrial production.
• The textile industry includes the powerloom and handloom industries which are labour intensive.
• Textile Committee was established as per the Textile Committee Act, 1963.
• This Committee sets up quality standards for sale in the domestic (internal) market as well as for exports.

Silk industry :

• The silk industry functions under the Ministry of Textiles.
• The silk industry is primarily in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir.
• Encouragement is given to spread and encourage this industry in the States with predominantly tribal populations.
• The research about the species of the silkworm and mulberry trees is done in the Seribiotic Research Laboratory at Bengaluru.

Jute industry :

• India is the top ranking country in jute production.
• India is a major exporter of jute products.
• Producing cloth, sack cloth and ropes from jute.

Hand sculpting :

• This is a labour intensive craft.
• Have a potential to provide large employment due to the capacity to absorb a large number of craftsmen.
• Required small investment, opportunities to earn profits are more.
• Due to export potential, possibility of earning more foreign exchange.
• Several cities have market mechanisms like ‘Dilli Haat’ which enables the craftsmen from rural and urban areas to get a market for their wares.
• As a result, the hand-sculpting (handicraft) industry has flourished.

Automobile industry :

• India is one of the major producers of the vehicles in the world.
• India exports vehicles to about 40 countries in the world.
• Therefore, in India Automobile industry is called the sunrise sector.
• Tractor industry in India is the largest in the world.
• One-third of the tractors manufactured world-wide are produced in India.
• Tractors manufactured in India are exported to Turkey, Malaysia and several countries in Africa.

Cement industry :

• This industry is one of the most technologically advanced industry.
• Cement industry playing important role in the development of housing and infrastructure.
• India is currently major  producer of cement in the world.

Leather industry :

• It is a big industry in India and primarily export oriented.
• Leather industry has existed in India since the ancient times.
• In the ancient and medieval period, leather was used for making 'Masak' (water container), musical instruments like drum, dholak and the bellow used by the blacksmith.
• It was used to make footwear and shields.
• In present times, shoes, chappals, jackets, purses and belts are made from leather.

Salt industry :

• India is one of the top producers of salt in the world.
• The annual production of salt in India is 200 lakh tons.
• The production of iodised salt is 60 lakh tons.

Bicycle industry :

• India is a leading producer of bicycles in the world.
• Bicycles are made in the States of Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
• The main centre of bicycle manufacturing in India is Ludhiana.
• India exports bicycles to countries like Nigeria, Mexico, Kenya, Uganda and Brazil.

Khadi and village industry :

• The Khadi and Village Industries Commission was established to give impetus to industrialisation in rural areas.
• Main objective was to develop traditional industries, handicrafts cottage industries.
• Encourages use of materiel and human resources at local level.
• Makes villages self-reliant by locally creating employment.

Efforts made by the government to promote (encourage) agriculture :

In order to promote-encourage agriculture, the following steps are taken by the government,

• Loans are provided through cooperative banks.
• Encouragement is given by the government to farmers by providing loans, training and improved tools, good quality seeds and chemical fertilizers.
• Study visits, outdoor trips and get together are organized through Panchayat Samitis.
• Farmers are given training regarding soil testing, nursery, pisciculture, dairy farming, poultry, cattle and goat rearing are allied activities.
• Financial help is also given to build warehouses.

Policy of the Central Government :

The focus of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974), was on the development of,

• paper industry,

• pharmaceutical
• industry,
• motor-tractor industry,
• leather goods,
• textile industry,
• food processing industry,
• oil, colour,
• sugar industries.

To achieve this objective, the Industrial Licensing Policy was announced in 1970.

• According to the Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970, all those factories requiring an investment of more than 5 crore rupees were included in the category of heavy industries.
• The industrial houses and foreign companies were allowed to invest in heavy industries that were not reserved for the public sector.
• As a result of this policy, by the end of 1972, 3 lakh 18 thousand small industries were registered.

Mineral wealth :

• The availability of the minerals, iron and coal plays a major role in the industrial development of the country.
• India have adequate stores of iron, manganese, coal and mineral oil.

Forest resources :

• Forests provides raw material for industries like construction, paper, newsprint, silk, matchboxes, medicinal herbs, honey, lacquer and raw material needed for paint.
• Government has reserved some forests for the industries based on forests.
• The task of conservation of the forests is done by the central government, the State government and by the local people.

Fisheries :

Fisheries include sea water fish and fresh water fish found in rivers, canals, ponds and lakes.

For the growth of this industry,

• New harbours are built,
• Old harbours are redeveloped,
• Fish seed incubation centres and fishing industry training centres are established.

Job opportunities in the tourism sector :

In India due to developed tourism industry employment opportunities increases in the various fields like, as a tourist guides, sale of curios and handicrafts and in hotel industries.

• Tourists from abroad and within India travel throughout the year.
• Tourists require lodging and boarding facilities which creates employment in the hotel industry.
• The hotels require food grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and many more goods. This provides employment opportunities to the people in adjoining rural areas.
• Tourists require guides to provide information.
• They require vehicles to reach their destination.
• They purchase curios and local handicrafts.

In this way, many employment opportunities are generated in the tourism sector.

Import-export or foreign trade :

Import :

• When planning started in 1951, the import of industrial goods and raw material required for production increased,
• India imports petroleum products, machinery, technology, fertilizers, medicines, high quality iron and steel.
• India is required to make payment in foreign currency for such imports.
• In order to save foreign currency, encouragement is given to import substitution and development of technology.

Export :

• India also gave impetus to exports to gain valuable foreign exchange.
• Exports means selling of the goods to the other countries.
• From ancient times, India is engaged in export trade with the other countries. Export activity is important for the Indian economy as it earns foreign exchange.
• India’s exports included tea, coffee, spices, cotton textiles, leather, footwear, pearls, precious stones, etc.