Notes-Class 9-History-Chapter-9-Changing Life : 1-Maharashtra Board

Changing Life : 1

Maharashtra Board-Class 9-History-Chapter-9

Notes

Points to be learn :

  • Introduction
  • Role of Constitution in Change
  • The Institution of the family
  • Social welfare
  • Scheduled Castes and Tribes
  • Public health
  • Urbanisation
  • Rural Area
  • Changing economic life
  • Rural Development
  • Social needs and facilities
  • Rural electrification
  • Industrial development

Introduction :

  • The speed of change in human life in the 20th and the 21st centuries has been tremendous.
  • In ancient and medieval periods, religion was an important part of a person’s identity.
  • Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar brought change in our traditional mindset through the medium of the Indian Constitution.
Role of Indian Constitution in Change :

Role of Indian Constitution in Change :

  • According to Constitution, all Indians are equal before the law, and nobody can be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth.
  • Right to freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully without arms, freedom to form associations, freedom to move, to live and settle down anywhere on Indian Territory and to practice any occupation has the fundamental rights given to the Indian citizens by the constitution.
  • Indian citizens living anywhere in India enjoy the right to nurture their language, script and culture.

The Changes :

  • The provisions in the Constitution shook the foundations of the caste system.
  • It helped to make the practice of family occupations obsolete.
  • The changes came about in the everyday life of people.
  • People can travel, go to restaurants without any discrimination.
  • Right to express views enables people to express opinion against government and register their protests against the government policies in the newspapers, speeches and the other media.

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Know This :

  • During the British rule, there were four kinds of compartments in the railway train – the first, second, inter and third class.
  • Nominal facilities for the passengers travelling by third class and the negative attitude towards them was almost a symbol of the Indian social hierarchy.
  • In the 1978 Railway Budget, Madhu Dandawate put an end to this third class.
  • Later two trains were started which had no class divisions, namely, ‘Sinhagad Express’ and ‘Gitanjali Express’.

The Institution of the family :

  • During the pre-independence period, the institution of the family was an important feature of Indian society.
  • India was known all over the world as the country of joint families.
  • The wave of globalization has replaced traditional joint family system by nuclear family system.

Social welfare :

Indian society is riddled with large scale economic, social, educational and cultural inequalities.

To make available development opportunities for women, children, differently abled, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was the greatest challenge for the Indian government during the post-independence period.

  • Ministry of Social Welfare was established on 14th June, 1964 to implement various welfare programmes. A similar arrangement has been made in the states as well. Under this ministry, various programmes were implemented.
  • The objective to establish a welfare state has been incorporated in the Constitution. India is the first country in the world to do so.
  • The social programmes aimed to make available employment, health care, education and overall development of all citizens.
  • Several social welfare programmes have been launched for women, children, differently abled, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Scheduled Castes and Tribes :

  • According to the 1971 Census, 22% people in India belonged to scheduled castes and tribes.
  • Laws were enacted so that they got educational scholarships, and representation in Parliament as well State Assemblies.
  • Reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and the public services are made.

Public Health :

  • The Constitution states the duty of the government of raise the standard of living of people, provide nutritious food and improve public health.
  • The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare formulates and implements health-related policies. '
  • The Sixth Five-Year Plan stated the objective to make available primary health services and medical care to people in the rural areas, the tribals and the poor.
  • Unani, Ayurvedic, Homeopathy and Naturopathy were recognized medical practices.

Progress in the medical field :

Progress in the medical field :

Heart surgery :

  • The first successful open heart surgery was performed by Dr. N. Gopinath at the Christian Medical College Hospital at Vellore in 1962.

Artificial body parts :

  • Invention of ‘Jaipur Foot’ by Dr. Pramod Sethi with the help of Ramchandra Sharma, has transformed the lives of the disabled persons.
  • The artificial limbs (body parts) are manufactured with the help of Jaipur foot technology. People can resume all normal activities with the Jaipur Foot.

Kidney Transplant :

  • Kidney Transplant surgeries were not so common in India till 1971. But A successful kidney transplantation surgery was performed by Dr. Johny and Dr. Mohan Rao in 1971 at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore.

Test Tube Baby :

  • The successful experiment of ‘Test Tube Baby’ by Dr. Subhash Mukhopadhyaya in ‘I978 at Kolkata. This artificial conception gave birth to a girl named Durga. This technology helped to solve the problem of childless couples who wanted children.

Immunization :

  • Before 1978, the rate of infant mortality was very high. Before 1978, every year, six Indian infants out of every 10 who were born faced fatal health problems in the very first year of their birth. To overcome this (universal) immunization programme was taken up.
  • This immunization programme has brought under control polio, measles, tetanus, TB, diphtheria and whooping cough.
  • The 'Pulse Polio’ programme, launched in 1995, has successfully controlled polio.

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Urbanisation :

  • Urbanisation is the process of concentration of population in a city or urban area.
  • After independence factors responsible for urbanization are, reduction in the mortality rate, industrialisation, unavailability of means of livelihood in rural areas, job opportunities in cities
  • It is the migration of the people from the villages to the cities in search of employment and other purposes.
  • It is a movement not only from village to the city; but also from agricultural to non-agricultural activities.
  • It is a process of social change, transforming the traditional agrarian Indian society into modern industrial society.
  • Balanced economic development of the rural and urban areas, creation of job opportunities and available of basic services will arrest migration.

Rural Area :

  • A village is a permanent settlement of farmer near the land they till individually or collectively villages in India are thinly populated.
  • A dense cluster of houses surrounded by farmland is a unique feature of the Indian village.
  • A settlement smaller than a village is called a hamlet.
  • Compared to the urban community, the village community is very small.
  • Villages are not uniform across India.
  • There are differences based on regional and physical features.

Post-independence period :

  • To achieve the goal of rural development, Community Development Programme was launched during the First Five-Year Plan.
  • Emphasis was on development of agriculture, irrigation, village industries, education, land reforms, health and transport in the rural areas.
  • To give priority to economic development in villages, the responsibility and authority of rural development was entrusted to Panchayati Raj institution in 1962 by the government.
  • The Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis and Zilla Parishads are empowered with more authority.

Changing economic life :

Changing economic life :

  • Earlier, every village was economically self-sufficient.
  • A majority of the villagers were dependent on farming.
  • Farm produce used to be distributed among artisans as payment for their work.
  • Now rural areas are engaged in agriculture and occupations ancillary to farming and urban society is engaged in non-agricultural production and the service sector.

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Rural Development :

  • 82% of India's population lived in the villages in 1961, which declined to 80.1% in 1971.
  • The rural area has shouldered the responsibility of providing food grains and other raw material to urban areas, supplying labour to the industrial sectors of the city, and taking care of natural resources
  • The major challenges of rural development are : (i) bringing about economic development; (ii) developing basic amenities (iii) change in the attitude of people regarding society, culture and thinking.
  • It is necessary to expedite irrigation projects and implement land reforms.

Social needs and facilities :

Social needs and facilities :

It is necessary to give special attention to rural areas; because

  • Even today the people in villages face problems related to year-round provision of water, toilets, open drainage, narrow roads, inadequate electrification and lack of medical facilities.
  • There is lack of good quality educational facilities from primary level to higher level.
  • There is lack of centres for recreation and libraries.

Several programmes have been launched for rural development by the Government of Maharashtra. These are :

  • Establishment of Panchayati Raj in 1962,
  • Nutritious Diet Programme, 1970-71,
  • Rural water Supply Scheme for sinking wells and providing piped water.
  • By 1971, 1677 small dams had also been built.

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Rural electrification :

  • Most villages in India did not have electricity at the time of independence.
  • Electricity was essential for domestic use, agriculture and rural development.
  • It was proposed to provide electricity for pumps and bore wells.
  • To achieve these objectives, Rural Electrification Corporation was established in 1969.
  • 3000 villages were provided electricity in the First Five-Year Plan. Their number has increased to 138,646 in 1973.
  • Rural Electrification Co-operative societies were established in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka Maharashtra, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh.

Industrial Development :

  • Village Industrial Planning Committee was formed to encourage rural industrialisation.
  • 1,06,000 persons got employment under this scheme by 1972.

Education :

  • The government of Maharashtra has  started residential highschools known Vidya Niketan at Satara, Aurangabad, Nashik and Chikhaldara.
  • As per the recommendations of Kothari Commission, Agriculture Universities were established at Rahuri, Akola, Parbhani and Dapoli in Maharashtra.
  • UNESCO awarded international prize to Maharashtra in 1972 for the spread of literacy.

Comparison between the rural community and urban community in the pre-globalisation period :

Comparison between the rural community and urban community in the pre-globalisation period :

Rural community Urban community
Priority to farming and ancilliary vocations (jobs) Priority to nonagricultural production and services
Small in size, homogeneous in terms of anguage, culture and tradition. Large in size, heterogeneous in terms of languages, cultures and traditions
Primary nature of profession unable to provide employment to all. Large industries, production for global consumption, accommodating outsiders.
Hereditary nature of profession. Merit-based profession
Priority to the head of the family and to the family as an institution. Joint family system. Joint family on the decline, replaced by nuclear family. ‘

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Changes in an Indian village life post independence :

Changes in an Indian village life post independence :

Indian villages have undergone lot of changes in the post independence era.

  • Agriculture was the main occupation before independence. After independence, allied occupations like livestock farming, poultry, fishing were developed.
  • Agriculture Universities were established. Village Industrial Planning Committee was formed to encourage development of industries in villages.
  • Animal carts were the means of transport. Now mechanical vehicles have taken their place.
  • Rural electrification co-operative societies were established.
  • Water was drawn from the wells, rivers manualy in those days. Rural water supply scheme started by sinking wells and piped water by use of electricity.
  • Earlier many houses were built using unbaked bricks. Now houses in the villages are built using baked bricks and cement blocks.
  • In the pre-independent times, schools, hospitals, electric supply were not available in villages. Residential schools known as Vidya Niketan were started.

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Useful links :

Main Page : - Maharashtra Board Class 9th History & Political Science  - All chapters notes, solutions, videos, test, pdf.

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