Solution-Class 9-History-Chapter-5-Education-Maharashtra Board

(a) Dr Vijay Bhatkar

(d) Vidya Prdhikaran

(d) Engineering

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• The Government of India faced a significant task in eliminating illiteracy because only 17% of its population was literate in 1951.
• Several corrective actions were made to reduce illiteracy.
• In an effort to raise academic standards and promote primary education, Operation Blackboard was launched in 1988.

In 1994, for universaiisation of primary education, the Government of India undertook the District Primary Education Programme.

• To support the Indian government in problems related to education.
• To develop comprehensive policy and put educational programmes into action.
• To carry out educational research, training, extended educational programmes, and textbook and curriculum revision.

On September 1st, 1961, the Indian government established the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) to carry out these duties.

• The Indian Agricultural Research Institute carries out a variety of activities to advance agriculture.
• Among these activities are analysis, well-equipped labs, soil science, agricultural science, and economic botany.
• It undertakes research on wheat, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and problems related to agriculture.
• Its most significant achievement has been fundamental research on methods of harvesting multiple crops in a year. It maintains the biggest agriculture-related library in the country.

Thus, the farmers have benefited by the work of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.

• The Space Applications Centre in Ahmadabad managed the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE).
• This experiment gave birth to the concept of schooling through satellite.
• America contributed to this initiative as well.
• The initiative made high-quality education accessible, especially in rural places.

As a result, the standard of education has improved in the rural areas.

• Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) was established on 20th September, 1985.
• The Open University was founded with the intention of bringing quality education into every typical household across the nation.
• The qualifying requirements, age requirements, and other requirements for admission to the IGNOU are relaxed for those who are unable to pursue a traditional college education.
• The IGNOU launched an audio-visual remote learning programme through Doordarshan and Akashvani Radio in 1990.
• It conducts more than 1000 courses in various branches.
• It provides facility for education through 58 centres in India and 41 outside India

• In 1964, the Indian government established an education commission with Dr. D. S. Kothari as its chairman.
• The Commission suggested using the 10+2+3 educational model for secondary, higher secondary and university education. Implementation of this advice began in 1972.
• It also called for the establishment of a consistent national education system that would teach students in their home tongues as well as Hindi and English.
• To ensure that education reaches the lowest strata of society, it advocated arrangements for continuing education, adult education, education by correspondence, and open universities.
• It recommended higher budgetary allocation for education in order to cover costs associated with educating the less advantaged, i.e., the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

• The Government of India has established Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai.
• It conducts valuable research in nuclear physics, solid state physics, spectroscopy, chemical and life sciences.
• It has also started a school to train scientists for setting up nuclear reactors.

• On January 27, 1967, the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbooks Production and Curriculum Research was founded in Pune. It is frequently referred to as "Balbharati."
• Textbooks are written in Marathi, Hindi, English, Urdu, Kannad, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Telugu, among the other eight languages.
• Balbharati creates textbooks for schoolchildren.
• A monthly magazine for kids called "Kishor" is published by Balbharati.

• To increase the quality of education and spread basic education, the Indian government launched "Operation Blackboard" in 1988.
• The government made available funds to improve the infrastructure of schools to fulfill minimum educational needs. This includes : (i) Minimum two proper classrooms and toilets (ii) One of the two teachers to be female teacher, (iii) Blackboard, maps, laboratory apparatus, a small library, playground and sports equipment.
• In 1994, this plan was broadened. In schools with a student population of 100, a provision was established for one extra classroom and one extra teacher.
• Priority was given to rural schools, girl's schools, and schools with a majority of students from scheduled castes and tribes.
• Appointment of 50% female teachers was made binding on the state governments.
• This scheme gave momentum to primary education in India.

• Students are taught fundamental agricultural practices in agricultural schools.
• They spread knowledge about agriculture science research and scientific methods.
• They do soil testing and offer guidance on crops most suited for the farmer’s soils.
• They carry out agricultural extension activities and serve as the "lab to land" link.
• The agricultural college's extension officers provide information on high-quality seeds, chemical fertilisers, and irrigation methods.
• On the farmer’s land, they conduct demonstration experiments.
• As a result, their advice is beneficial to the advancement of agriculture.

• In 1949, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) was founded.
• The ICMR has established 26 centres around the nation to study various diseases. It is now possible to manage leprosy and tuberculosis because to their study.
• The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) boosted medical research and upgraded education.
• The medical colleges offer undergraduate and graduate study as well as research in the majority of medical specialties.
• AIIMS offers affordable medical care to regular people. It has established nursing schools and super-specialty clinics for the treatment of heart, brain, and eye diseases.
• The Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education undertakes treatment, research and education related to cancer.

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