Solution-Class 7-History-Chapter 4-Maharashtra Before The Times of Shivaji Maharaj-Maharashtra Board

Budruk : The words ‘Budruk’ and ‘Khurd’ are used to show that the two villages are different.  The original village was named as Budruk and the new Village was known as Khurd,

Example : Charholi Budruk and Charholi Khurd.

Baluta : There were various artisans in the village. They had hereditary rights regarding their occupation.

The artisans rendered service to the villagers and in return the farmers’ tenants gave a share of their agricultural produce. This share was known as Baluta.

Vatan : The term ‘Vatan' is Arabic word. In medieval Maharashtra, it is used as refer to hereditary land for which the holder does not have to pay any revenue.

The Siddi of Africa came from Africa and settled along the Konkan coastline

Sant Dnyaneshwar wrote Amrutanubhav.

Dehu village near Pune is known as Sant Tukaram’s place

Santh Eknath composed Bharuds

Samarth Ramdas Swami explained the importance of physical fitness to the people.

Women sants who born and worked in Maharashtra are Sant Soyrabai, Sant Nirmalabai, Sant Muktabai, Sant Janabai, Sant Bahinabai Sant Kanhopatra, Sant Siurkar 

• Sant Namdeo, a great Sant, laid the foundation of the Varkari movement.
• He was a versatile kirtankar and skilled organiser.
• His Kirtans have references to many holy books.
• He composed many abhangas-devotional verses.
• He travelled from village to village in Maharashtra to spread the message of Bhagwat Dharma and equality.
• He is the foremost proponent of the Bhagwad-Dharma who reached beyond Maharashtra, right into Punjab.
• He travelled to Punjab and his Hindi devotional verses were included in ‘Guru Granth Sahib’.
• He built a memorial of Sant Chokhamela at Pandharpur.

• Sant Dnyaneshwar was the founder of the Varkari movement in Maharashtra.
• Sant Dnyaneshwar was the first sant who translated Bhagwad Geeta in the Marathi language
• He translated Bhagwad Geeta into Bhavartha Deepika or Dnyaneshwari in simple Marathi. They are the holy texts for the Varkari sect today
• He also composed Amrutanubhav and wrote many Abhangs and preached Bhakti Marg, the way of devotion to the common people.
• ‘Pasayadaan’ composed in Dnyaneshwari uplifts the mind.
• Though his life was spent in very adverse circumstances, he never lost calm of his mind or never harboured bitterness.
• His brothers Sant Sopandev, Sant Nivruttinath and sister Sant Muktabai, too, composed many devotional verses.

• Sant Eknath (1533–1599) was a prominent Marathi Saint, scholar and religious poet. 
• Sant Eknath was a prominent saint associated with Bhakti movement.
• He had composed many Bharuds, Abhanga and Gavalans to preach the importance of devotion.
• He portrayed the life of common people in his work of Bhavarth Ramayana.
• He maintained that there was no need to renounce worldly matters for attaining Paramarth-the highest truth through his own conduct.
• He was proud of Marathi language and stated that it was not inferior to Sanskrit.
• Eknath was one of the earliest reformers of untouchability in Maharashtra,
• Eknath's social and religious outlook consisted of tolerance and kindness toward all fellow beings. He criticised those who hated other religions.

• Sant Tukaram composed Tukaram Gatha which is a precious treasure of Marathi language. The Abhang compositions were very pleasing and lucid, reaching the greatest poetic height.
• He preached that the way to reach God was by loving the unhappy and the tormented ones. Sant Tukaram was a devotee of god Vitthala or Vithoba, a form of Krishna
• Saint Tukarm accepted Sant Namdev as his Guru. One of his abhanga is proof for this.[नामदेवे केले स्वप्नामाजी जागे, सवे पांडुरंगे येवूनिया.]
• He put this idea into practice by drowning the papers in Indrayani river related to loans given to the people.
• He criticized hypocracy and blind faith and tried to link bhakti—devotion with morality.
• He faced the wrath of the orthodox who were opposed to his efforts to create awakening among the people and threw his abhangas in river Indrayani.
• He belonged to Dehu near Pune, but had devotees and followers from different castes and creeds who prescribed the treasure of his abhangs.

A droughts was the worst calamity for the people, because

The worst drought years observed over Maharashtra State are 1877, 1899, 1911, 1918, 1920, 1951, 1965, 1972, A great famine occurred in Maharashtra in 1630 CE. caused

• Acute shortage of food grains and forced people to migrate to faraway regions in search of a livelihood. It has been described in these words – ‘People were ready to sell themselves for a piece of bhakri, but there was nobody to buy them’
• Entire families were destroyed
• Cattle and farm animals died. 
• It devastated agriculture and industry and all financial transactions came to standstill
• it was a great challenge to bring back normalcy after devastation caused by the Famines