Notes-Class 9-Geography-Chapter-10-Urbanisation-Maharashtra Board

Topics to be Learn :

Introduction
Reasons of Urbanisation.
Effects of urbanization

Urbanisation :

Agriculture is the principal economic activity in India. However, industrialisation in rural areas is taking place in the recent times. Thereby, the nature of the rural economy and society is undergoing change.
People from the surrounding regions come to work and thereby the population of the village increases.
To fulﬁll their needs medical facilities, food services, hospitals, recreation services also develop.
With development taking place in rural areas, many new occupations have started in the villages.
Nagar Panchayats and Nagar Parishads are taking the place of the Gram Panchayats.
They are providing better civic amenities to the people in the villages. Thus, the process of transforming villages into towns is taking place.
The process of urbanisation is gradually taking place in India.

Causes of Urbanisation :

Industrialisation :

Industrialisation is catalyst of urbanisation.
Development and concentration of industries in a region contributes to urbanisation.
Increase in industries leads to increase in the employment opportunities for the people in the surrounding areas.
This migration of population increases the speed of urbanisation.
Mumbai grew rapidly because textile mills started on a large scale in this place.
Many villages, which were originally fishing villages (koliwadas), became part of Mumbai metropolitan area due to industrialisation and urbanisation.

Trade :

A place in a region that has facilities for transport, loading and unloading of goods and storage facilities develops into a trade centre.
This leads to development of trade and related services, like business complexes, banks, credit societies, godowns, cold storages, houses, etc.
Nagpur is centrally located in India. Urbanisation started increasing as this location facilitated trade.

Mechanisation and Technology :

Technology and mechanisation increases industrial production, creates employment and is useful for urbanisation.
Mechanisation and use of technology increases agricultural production.
The surplus manpower engaged in agriculture became devoid of employment.
So the working class in the rural areas migrated to cities in the search of employment.
This migration of population has reduced the disguised unemployment in the agricultural sector.

Transport and Communication :

Urbanisation of small rural settlements takes place rapidly where transport facilities like roads and railways develop.
Many villages like Savarde (District Ratnagiri), in proximity with Konkan railway, have started urbanising.
Rapid growth of Bhusawal (District Jalgaon) happened due to convergence of important railway routes.

Migration :

Migration is a major factor affecting urbanisation.
The attraction of higher standard of life has also resulted in an increase in migratory population in the cities.
For example, migration occurring in cities likes Mumbai, Pune from other parts of
India.

Types of migration : Migration can be short term, long-term or permanent. Migration occurs from rural to rural area, rural to urban area or urban to urban areas.

Effects of Urbanisation : The character of a region changes due to urbanization. Changes in use of land from agriculture to industries and residential use takes place due to urbanisation. There are many advantages of urbanisation, some problems also arise.

(a) Advantages of Urbanisation :

(a) Advantages of Urbanisation :

Social harmony :

Due to increase in secondary, tertiary and quaternary occupations, economic activities increase.
People from different parts of the country live together in cities.
This leads to exchange of cultural and social customs and traditions. It creates social harmony.

Modernisation:

Exchange of wisdom, skills and knowledge between people from different areas takes place in cities.
The cities are the first to get advantage of updated knowledge and literature.
Urban areas get advantage of new ideas, updated technologies and technical facilities.
The standard of living of people improves.

Amenities and Facilities :

Amenities and facilities like transportation, communication, educational and medical develop in the urban areas.
Travelling becomes comfortable due to good transport facilities.
Market, trade and freight transport develop due to transport facilities.
Many students come to urban areas due to availability of higher education.
Many patients and their families come to urban areas to avail of well developed medical facilities.

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(b) Problems of Urbanisation :

(b) Problems of Urbanisation :

Slums ;

The migration of people from villages and less-developed regions is the cause of increasing slums.

The housing facilities do not increase in the same proportion as the population.
Most of the migrated people are economically weak. They build temporary and semi-structured houses, which are mostly illegal, in open spaces.
They do not get basic facilities from the local government.
The density of houses is very high. These slums keep on increasing uncontrollably and give rise to social and many health-related issues.

By making available employment opportunities at the local level is the ideal solution to stop migration Thus, the people will not migrate in search of employment.

Traffic Jams :

As cities grow, people start living in the outskirts and suburbs of the city.
People commute to the centre of the city for businesses and industries, trade, jobs, education, etc.
As public transport system is insufficient, the number of private vehicles increases.
This leads to an increase in traffic jams and increase in the travelling time.

Pollution :

The adverse effects of air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution are visible in cities.
Increase in infrastructure development, paucity of facilities and breaking of laws add to the pollution.
Many industries let off smoke in the air and cause air pollution.
The chemicals, Sugar and paints industries use a lot of water in their production work. These industries discharge polluted water in the sources of water without processing by means of affluent water treatment plant. These cause water pollution.
Increase in private vehicles and celebration of festivals is responsible for noise pollution

Crime ;

Not all migrants find employment in cities. Some of them look for means to earn money by illegal ways, leading to increase in crime rate.
Thefts, burglaries, scufﬂes and murder are the crimes in the cities.
This creates serious law and order problems, bringing pressure on the police and judicial system.

Other problems :

Enormous increase in land price, conﬂicts and tensions between various groups that threaten, social harmony in the cities.
Air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution are the realities/problems of the urban areas. The polluted environment is the cause of many health problems.

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Smart City :

The concept of ‘Smart City’ has emerged recently in the context of urban development.

To update the cities using information technology and for handling the assets of the urban areas easily, a scheme called the ‘Smart City’ came into being.

The main aim of this programme is to collect information regarding various aspects of the city through the use of ICT and carry out planned development of the cities.
It proposes to smoothen handling of the public property and its utilisation.
It proposes to strengthen traffic control and communication system.
It also proposes to introduce immediate response system to tackle emergency situation, whenever it arises.

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